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Flue Gas Treatment and Valorization

Edited by Pratibha S. Agrawal, Ashwani Kumar, and Yogesh Kumar Singla
Copyright: 2026   |   Expected Pub Date: 2026
ISBN: 9781394417186  |  Hardcover  |  
942 pages
Price: $225 USD
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One Line Description
Master the future of industrial decarbonization with this definitive two-volume guide to the thermodynamic fundamentals, AI-driven innovations, and real-world deployment strategies needed to lead the transition to sustainable carbon capture, utilization, and storage operations.

Description
As global industries face unprecedented pressure to reduce their carbon footprint, Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) has transitioned from an emerging solution to the industry standard. This comprehensive two-volume set offers a masterclass in industrial flue gas management, seamlessly bridging foundational thermodynamic principles with groundbreaking decarbonization innovations. Across both volumes, readers explore the lifecycle of industrial emissions, from advanced capture pathways and membrane technologies to novel neutralization techniques and high-value valorization methods. Grounded in real-world case studies and analyses, the volumes look to the future of large-scale deployment by examining the transformative potential of artificial intelligence, evolving international policy frameworks, and the critical role of public engagement. With operational insights and global applications, this definitive collection is an essential reference for engineers, researchers, and decision-makers driving the future of sustainable industrial transformation.

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Author / Editor Details
Pratibha S. Agrawal, PhD is a Professor and Head of the Department of Applied Chemistry at Laxminarayan Innovation Technological University, Nagpur, India. She has more than 140 publications to her credit, including numerous research articles in international journals and conferences of repute. Her research interests include ultrasonics, fuel and energy, and environmental chemistry.

Ashwani Kumar, PhD is a Professor and Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering in the Technical Education Department, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has more than 300 publications in national and international conferences. His research focuses on advanced materials, renewable energy, and sustainability.

Yogesh Kumar Singla, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the School of Engineering, Math, and Technology at the Navajo Technical University, Crowpoint, New Mexico. He has more than 20 publications in highly reputed, peer-reviewed international journals and conferences. His research areas include welding, manufacturing, and surface engineering.

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Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgement
Aim and Scope
Part 1: Fundamentals and Context of Flue Gas Emissions
1. Foundations of Flue Gas Mitigation and Valorization: The Decarbonization Frontier
Aditi Bonde, Pratibha S. Agrawal, Ashwani Kumar and Yogesh Kumar Singla
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Historical Overview of Flue Gas Research
1.1.2 Importance of Studying Flue Gases
1.1.3 Global Total CO2 Captured in the Sustainable Development Scenario, 2020–70, by Application, Sector, and Source
1.1.4 Capturing Carbon from the Atmosphere and Flue Gas
1.1.5 Carbon Capture Technologies Present Situation
1.1.6 Absorption in Solvents
1.1.7 Thoughts on Carbon Capture Technologies in the Future
1.1.8 Conclusion
References
2. Composition and Characteristics of Flue Gases: Chemical
and Physical Profiles of Industrial Emissions
Aditi Bonde, Pratibha S. Agrawal, S. T. Mhaske, Yatika Gori
and Sivasakthivel Thangavel
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Major Components of Flue Gases
2.2.1 Carbon Dioxide
2.2.1.1 Formation and Sources
2.2.1.2 Environmental Impact
2.2.2 Sulfur Dioxide
2.2.2.1 Formation and Sources
2.2.2.2 Environmental and Health Effects
2.2.3 Nitrogen Oxides (NO and NO2)
2.2.3.1 Formation and Sources
2.2.3.2 Environmental and Health Effects
2.2.4 Carbon Monoxide
2.2.4.1 Formation and Sources
2.2.4.2 Toxicity and Health Effects
2.2.5 Water Vapor (H2O)
2.2.5.1 Role in Flue Gases
2.2.6 Oxygen
2.3 Trace Elements and Pollutants
2.4 Chemical and Physical Characteristics
2.4.1 Temperature
2.4.2 Acidity
2.4.3 Corrosivity
2.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
3. Sources of Flue Gas Emissions: Mapping Flue Gas Origins,
Pollutants, and Environmental Impact
Aditi Bonde, Pratibha S. Agrawal, Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum, Yatika Gori and Milad Heidari
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Manufacturing Procedures
3.2.1 Manufacturing of Cement
3.2.1.1 Overview of Cement Production
3.2.1.2 Key Emissions and Pollutants
3.2.2 Steel Manufacturing
3.2.2.1 Overview of Steel Production
3.2.2.2 Major Pollutants
3.3 Chemical Production
3.3.1 Overview of Chemical Manufacturing
3.3.2 Specific Emissions
3.3.3 Relevance of Chemical Products and Primary Chemicals
3.4 Power Generation
3.4.1 Coal-Fired Power Plants
3.4.1.1 Combustion Process and Emissions
3.4.1.2 Pollutants and Environmental Impact
3.4.2 Natural Gas Power Plants
3.4.2.1 Overview of Natural Gas Combustion
3.4.2.2 Emissions Profile
3.4.3 Oil-Fired Power Plants
3.4.3.1 Combustion and Emissions Characteristics
3.4.4 Biomass Power Plants
3.4.4.1 Biomass Combustion Process
3.4.4.2 Emission Characteristics
3.5 Transportation
3.5.1 Road Transport
3.5.1.1 Emissions from Internal Combustion Engines
3.5.1.2 Impact of Vehicle Type and Fuel Quality
3.5.2 Aviation
3.5.2.1 Jet Engine Emissions
3.5.2.2 Environmental Impact
3.5.3 Transportation Via Maritime
3.5.3.1 Emissions from Ships
3.6 Residential Heating and Cooking
3.6.1 Combustion of Fossil Fuels (Coal, Oil, Gas)
3.6.1.1 Common Household Uses and Emissions
3.7 Conclusion
References
4. A Hybrid Machine Learning Framework for Flue Gas Management and Reutilization in Power Plants Using Agricultural Waste–Biodiesel Fuel Blends
Osama Khan, Md. Shaquib Equbal and Ashwani Kumar
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and Equipment Setup
4.2.1 Materials Used
4.2.2 Equipment Setup
4.3 Methodology
4.3.1 Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient Methodology
4.3.1.1 Mathematical Formulation
4.3.1.2 Interpretation of Pearson’s r
4.3.2 Analytic Hierarchy Process Methodology
4.3.2.1 Hierarchical Structure
4.3.2.2 Pairwise Comparison Matrix
4.3.2.3 Normalization and Weight Calculation
4.3.2.4 Consistency Index and Consistency Ratio
4.3.2.5 Decision Interpretation
4.4 Results and Discussion
4.4.1 Pearson Analysis
4.4.2 Priority Analysis
4.4.3 Impact of Input Parameters on Emissions Outcomes
4.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Part 2: Mitigation and Advanced Cleaning Technologies
5. Flue Gas Mitigation and Cleaning Techniques: Combustion Technologies, Parametric Optimization, and Filtration
Komal R. Chandankhede, Pratibha S. Agrawal, S. T. Mhaske and Yatika Gori
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Mitigation Techniques
5.2.1 Improved Combustion Technologies
5.2.1.1 Precombustion
5.2.1.2 Oxy Fuel Combustion
5.2.1.3 Chemical Looping
5.2.1.4 Staged Combustion
5.2.2 Optimization of Combustion Parameters
5.2.3 Flue Gas Recirculation
5.3 Cleaning Techniques
5.3.1 Particulate Removal
5.3.1.1 Electrostatic Precipitators
5.3.1.2 Fabric Filters
5.3.1.3 Cyclone Separators
5.3.2 Gas Removal
Bibliography
6. Flue Gas Capture Techniques: Fundamentals and Innovations in CO2 Capture
Komal R. Chandankhede, Pratibha S. Agrawal, Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum, Yatika Gori and Milad Heidari
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Postcombustion Capture
6.3 Absorption
6.3.1 Amine Scrubbing
6.3.2 Physical Absorption
6.3.3 Membrane Absorption
6.4 Adsorption
6.4.1 Activated Carbon Adsorption
6.4.2 Metal–Organic Frameworks Adsorption
6.4.3 Zeolite Adsorption
6.4.4 Membrane Separation
6.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
7. Flue Gas Neutralization Techniques: Synergistic Mitigation of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in Flue Gas
Komal R. Chandankhede, Pratibha S. Agrawal, Ashwani Kumar and Lochan Sharma
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Alkaline Scrubbing
7.3 Biological Neutralization Process
7.4 Chemical Neutralization Process
7.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
8. Advanced Flue Gas Mitigation Technologies: Principles and Applications
Mohit Nayal, Suchitra Verma, Chandan Swaroop Meena, Nawal Kishor Banjara, Raj Kumar and Varun Pratap Singh
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Flue Gas Characteristics and Pollutant Formation
8.2.1 Sources and Composition of Flue Gas
8.2.2 Formation Mechanisms of Major Pollutants
8.3 Advanced Flue Gas Mitigation Technologies
8.3.1 Electrostatic Precipitation
8.3.2 Cyclones Processes
8.3.3 Wet Scrubbing
8.3.4 Flue Gas Desulfurization
8.3.5 Adsorption Techniques
8.3.6 Membrane Technology
8.3.7 Plasma Technology
8.3.8 Thermal Incineration
8.3.9 Biofiltration
8.3.10 Photocatalytic Oxidation
8.4 Industrial Applications
8.4.1 Power Generation Systems
8.4.2 Cement, Steel, and Process Industries
8.5 Performance and Sustainability Assessment
8.5.1 Removal Efficiency and Operational Performance
8.5.2 Energy, Economic, and Environmental Impacts
8.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9. Biomass-Derived Catalysts and Sorbents for Advanced NOx,
SOx, and Heavy Metal Mitigation
Ravinder Kumar, Raj Suman, Gaurav Dwivedi, Sakhi Katre, Rahul Kumar Rajak and Kavita Gidwani
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Global Energy Scenario and Pollutant Emissions
9.1.2 Environmental and Health Impacts of NOx, SOx, and Heavy Metals
9.1.3 Regulatory Frameworks and Limitations of Existing Technologies
9.1.4 Shift from Synthetic to Bio-Based Materials: The Circular Economy Approach
9.2 Biomass Feedstocks and Pretreatment
9.2.1 Transition to a Bioeconomy and Feedstock Classification
9.2.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass: Composition and Structure
9.2.3 Pretreatment Strategies
9.3 Advanced Synthesis and Activation Strategies
9.3.1 Fundamentals of Carbonization and the Need for Activation
9.3.2 Physical Activation Methods
9.3.3 Chemical Activation Strategies
9.3.4 Advanced Modification Techniques: Plasma, Microwave, and Ultrasound
9.4 Mechanism of Selective Catalytic Reduction and Adsorption over Biocarbon
9.4.1 The Role of Surface Oxygen Groups in De-NO x
9.4.2 Influence of Temperature and Operating Conditions
9.5 Mitigation of Sulfur Oxides
9.5.1 Adsorptive Desulfurization versus Oxidative Desulfurization
9.5.2 Mechanism of SO2 Capture on Porous Bio-Sorbents
9.5.3 Influence of Moisture and Competitive Adsorption
9.6 Mitigation of Heavy Metals
9.6.1 Classification of Remediation Technologies
9.6.2 Mechanisms of Capture: Chemisorption versus Physisorption
9.6.3 Biomass Feedstocks for Heavy Metal Removal
9.6.4 Kinetics and Isotherm Modeling
9.7 Regeneration, Stability and Economic Feasibility
9.7.1 Regeneration Cycles and Efficiency Loss
9.7.2 Spent Sorbent Management and Disposal
9.7.3 Cost–Benefit Analysis
9.8 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
10. Biosorbents and Microalgae: Harnessing Biomass for Flue
Gas Purification and CO2 Valorization
Rahul Kumar Rajak, Gaurav Dwivedi, Prashant Baredar and Raj Suman
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Global Challenges of Flue Gas Emissions
10.1.2 Need for Sustainable CO2 Capture and Utilization
10.1.3 Role of Biomass-Based Technologies
10.1.4 Need for Sustainable CO2 Capture and Utilization
10.2 Flue Gas Pollutants
10.3 Flue Gas Biomitigations
10.4 Bacterial Species Used for the Biomitigation Studies
10.5 Biosorbents for Flue Gas Purification
10.5.1 Definition and Classification of Biosorbents
10.5.1.1 Definition
10.5.1.2 Classification of Biosorbents
10.5.2 Natural Biosorbents (Agricultural Waste, Biomass Residues)
10.5.3 Modified and Activated Biosorbents
10.5.4 Adsorption Mechanisms and Kinetics
10.5.5 Factors Affecting Biosorbent Performance
10.6 Different Bioreactors Used for the Biomitigation of Flue
Gas
10.7 Interaction between Flue Gas Compounds and Bacteria
10.8 Concluding Remarks with Future Recommendations
Bibliography
11. Environmental Footprint, Life-Cycle Assessment, and Sustainability of Flue Gas Management
Chandan Swaroop Meena, Mohit Nayal, Suchitra Verma, Nawal Kishor Banjara, Raj Kumar, Varun Pratap Singh and Manjeet Kumar Singh
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Environmental Footprint and Life-Cycle Assessment
11.2.1 Direct and Indirect Environmental Impacts
11.2.2 Life-Cycle Assessment Framework and Indicators
11.3 Sustainability and Circular Economy Perspective
11.3.1 Environmental and Resource Efficiency Considerations
11.3.2 Policy, Economic, and Implementation Aspects
11.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
12. Flue Gas Mitigation Technologies and Their Role in Ambient Air Quality Improvement
Sakshi Sarathe, Gaurav Dwivedi, Prashant Baredar and Puneet Verma
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Flue Gas Mitigation Technologies
12.3 Particulate Control Technologies
12.3.1 Cyclone Separators and Inertial Collectors
12.3.2 Electrostatic Precipitators
12.3.3 Fabric Filters (Baghouse Filters)
12.4 Gaseous Pollutant Control Technologies
12.4.1 Flue Gas Desulfurization Techniques for Sulfur Removal
12.4.2 Selective Catalytic and Noncatalytic Reduction for Nitrogen Oxides
12.4.3 Oxidation-Based Control of Carbon Monoxide and Volatile Pollutants
12.5 Conclusion
References
13. Advanced Emission Mitigation and Flue Gas Valorization
in Low-Carbon Liquid and Gaseous-Fuel Engines
Amol A. Sinare, Ashok Kumar Yadav, Aqueel Ahmad, Bhupender Singh, Sandeep Ravish and Anoop Narain Singh
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Global Energy Demand and Dependence on ICEs
13.1.2 Transition Toward Low-Carbon Fuels
13.1.3 Major Emissions from Combustion Engines
13.1.4 Limitations of Conventional Emission Control Systems
13.1.5 Need for Integrated Emission Reduction + Flue Gas Valorization
13.1.6 Objectives, Scope, and Novelty
13.2 Low-Carbon Liquid and Gaseous Fuels for Engines
13.2.1 Classification of Low-Carbon Fuels
13.2.2 Physicochemical and Combustion Properties
13.2.3 Impact on Emission Profiles
13.2.4 Challenges in Engine Compatibility, Storage, and Safety
13.2.5 Current Research Trends and Industrial Adoption
13.3 Advanced Emission Mitigation Strategies
13.3.1 In-Cylinder Strategies
13.3.2 Exhaust After-Treatment Systems
13.3.3 Engine Control and Sensing Technologies
13.4 Flue Gas Utilization and Valorization Technologies
13.4.1 Carbon Capture from Engine Exhaust
13.4.2 Flue Gas Conversion Pathways
13.4.3 Heat and Energy Recovery from Exhaust
13.4.4 Emerging Valorization Technologies
13.5 Comparative Assessment of Mitigation and Valorization Approaches
13.6 Integration with Future Energy Systems
13.6.1 Role of Engines in Hybrid Powertrains
13.6.2 Hydrogen–ICE Technology and Carbon-Free Combustion
13.6.3 Synergies with Renewable Energy Grids
13.6.4 Smart Engine–Carbon Capture Networks
13.6.5 Engine-Compatible E-Fuels and the Circular Carbon Economy
13.7 Knowledge Gaps and Research Challenges
13.8 Future Directions
13.9 Conclusions
Bibliography
14. Algal Biofuel Production and Carbon Sequestration: Modern Protocols and Forthcoming Innovations
Divyangana Sharma, Vivek Goel, Sunil Kumar and Ashwani Kumar
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Utilization
14.2 Algal Matter
14.2.1 Reliable Sources
14.2.1.1 Marine or Saltwater
14.2.1.2 Freshwater
14.2.1.3 Wastewater
14.2.2 Categories
14.2.2.1 Marine or Saltwater Breeds
14.2.2.2 Freshwater Breeds
14.2.2.3 Wastewater Breed
14.3 Economic Analysis of Various Farming Techniques
14.4 Cultivation
14.4.1 Photobioreactors
14.4.2 Open Ponds
14.4.3 Heterotrophic Cultivation
14.4.4 Phototrophic Cultivation
14.4.5 Mixotrophic Cultivation
14.5 Conversion Technologies
14.5.1 Bioconversion
14.5.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion
14.5.1.2 Biohydrogen Production
14.5.2 Chemical Conversion
14.5.3 Thermal Conversion
14.5.3.1 Pyrolysis
14.5.3.2 Gasification
14.6 Extraction
14.6.1 Pretreatment
14.6.2 Lipid Extraction
14.7 Carbon Sequestration
14.7.1 The Mechanism and Endurance of Carbon Dioxide Sequestration of Microalgae
14.7.2 Implications of Carbon Sequestration Employing Microalgae
14.8 Conclusion
References
Preface
Acknowledgement
Aim and Scope
Part 3: Utilization, Valorization, and Application
15. Utilization of Captured Flue Gas: Valorization Pathways for Captured CO2
Advait G. Burande, Pratibha S. Agrawal, S. T. Mhaske, Yatika Gori and Sivasakthivel Thangavel
15.1 Chemical Feedstock for Industrial Process
15.1.1 Chain Formation
15.1.2 Synthesize Cyclic Compounds
15.1.3 Synthesizing Functional Groups
15.1.4 Some Important Chemical Synthesis
15.1.5 Sustainable Chemical Production from CO2
15.2 Synthetic Fuel Production
15.2.1 Coal to Synthetic Fuel
15.2.2 Biomass to Synthetic Fuels
15.2.3 Flue Gas to Synthetic Fuel
15.3 Agricultural Applications
15.3.1 Greenhouse Gas Enrichment
15.3.2 Fruit Ripening and Preservation
15.4 Mineral Carbonation
Bibliography
16. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Valorization of CO2 from Industrial Flue Gas Streams
Suchitra Verma, Mohit Nayal, Chandan Swaroop Meena, Nawal Kishor Banjara, Raj Kumar, Soumitra Maiti, Varun Pratap Singh and Manjeet Kumar Singh
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Carbon Capture Technologies
16.2.1 Precombustion Carbon Capture
16.2.2 Postcombustion Carbon Capture
16.2.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion
16.3 Advanced Postcombustion CO2 Capture Techniques
16.3.1 Chemical Absorption-Based Capture
16.3.1.1 Organic Amine Solution
16.3.1.2 Ammonia
16.3.1.3 Sodium Hydroxide Solution
16.3.2 Solid-Phase Porous Materials Adsorption
16.3.2.1 Activated Carbon
16.3.2.2 Zeolite
16.3.2.3 Metal–Organic Frameworks
16.3.2.4 Covalent Organic Frameworks
16.3.2.5 Mesoporous M41S Materials
16.3.2.6 Hydrotalcites
16.3.2.7 Geopolymers
16.3.3 Membrane Separation
16.3.3.1 Cryogenic Separation
16.3.3.2 Hydrate Method
16.3.3.3 Microbiological Method
16.4 CO2 Utilization
16.4.1 Physical Utilization
16.4.1.1 Beer and Carbonated Beverages
16.4.1.2 Fresh Frozen Food
16.4.1.3 CO2 Gas-Shielded Welding
16.4.1.4 CO2 Flooding
16.4.1.5 Tobacco Expansion Technology
16.4.1.6 Supercritical CO2 Cleaning Agent
16.4.1.7 Supercritical CO2 Extractant
16.4.1.8 Supercritical CO2 Fracturing
16.4.2 Chemical Utilization
16.4.2.1 Synthetic Bulk Chemicals
16.4.2.2 Synthetic Organic Fuel
16.4.3 Biological Utilization
16.4.3.1 Plant Gas Fertilizer
16.4.3.2 Carbon Sequestration by Microalgae to Produce Biofuels
16.4.4 Mineralization Utilization
16.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
17. Valorization Pathways for Non-CO 2 Pollutants: A Focus
on SO2, NOx, VOCs, and PM
Suchitra Verma, Mohit Nayal, Chandan Swaroop Meena, Nawal Kishor Banjara, Raj Kumar, Soumitra Maiti, Varun Pratap Singh and Manjeet Kumar Singh
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Non-CO 2 Air Pollutants: Sources, Impacts, and Emerging Challenges
17.1.2 From Pollution Control to Valorization: A Circular Economy Perspective
17.2 Sources and Environmental Impact of Non-CO 2 Pollutants
17.2.1 Sulfur Dioxide
17.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides
17.2.3 Volatile Organic Compounds
17.2.4 Particulate Matter
17.3 Formation Mechanisms and Emission Characteristics
17.3.1 Chemical Pathways of Pollutant Formation
17.3.2 Influence of Operating and Environmental Conditions
17.3.3 Emission Profiles and Variability
17.4 Valorization Pathways for Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants
17.4.1 Definition and Scope of Pollutant Valorization
17.4.2 Pollutant Valorization within the Circular Economy and Sustainability Context
17.4.3 Environmental and Economic Rationale
17.5 Non-CO 2 Pollutant Valorization Pathways
17.5.1 Sulfur Dioxide Valorization Routes
17.5.2 Nitrogen Oxide Valorization Routes
17.5.3 Valorization of Volatile Organic Compounds
17.5.4 Valorization of Particulate Matter
17.6 System Integration, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
17.6.1 Integrated Valorization–Air Pollution Control Systems
17.6.2 Challenges in Integrated Valorization Systems
17.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
18. Cutting-Edge Flue Gas Treatment Technology Frameworks for Diverse Industrial Sectors
Fasaha Ahmad, Pratibha S. Agrawal, Ashwani Kumar and Yogesh Kumar Singla
18.1 Cement Industry
18.1.1 Staged Combustion Technology Using Low Nitrogen
18.1.2 Technology for Selective Noncatalytic Reduction
18.1.3 Technology for Selective Catalytic Reduction
18.1.4 Technology of Combined Denitration
18.2 Steel and Petroleum Industry
18.2.1 Methods
18.2.2 Description of the Process
18.3 Renewable Energy
18.3.1 Particulate Matter and Flue Gases from Burning Biomass
18.3.2 Cleaning of the Flue Gas
18.3.3 Dry Methods
18.4 Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Systems
18.4.1 A Solvent-Based Description of HRSG and PCCS
18.4.1.1 The Principle of Operation and Arrangement for a Heat Recovery Steam Generator
18.4.1.2 The Process of Capturing and Storing Carbon after Combustion
18.5 District Heating and Power Generation–Based Flue Gas Waste Heat Recovery
18.5.1 Procedure
18.5.1.1 Flue Gas Heat Recovery Based on Internal Process Heating and District Heating
18.5.2 Flue Gas Heat Recovery Based on Power Generation
18.6 Waste Treatment
18.6.1 Materials and the Applied Methods
18.6.2 The Effect of Air and How the Elements Interact
18.6.3 Reduction of NOx Emissions
18.6.4 Technology for Cleaning Flue Gas After Combustion
18.7 Emissions of CO2 and Capturing
18.8 Conclusion
References
19. Environmental Policies for Air Quality Regulation and
Assessing Regional Air Pollution Trends: A Case Study of Central India Region
Sakshi Sarathe, Prashant Baredar and Gaurav Dwivedi
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Air Quality Regulations in India: 1974–2024
19.3 Case Study: Air Pollution Trends in Central India
19.3.1 Study Area: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
19.3.2 National Ambient Monitoring Programme (NAMP) Stations in MP & CG
19.3.3 Pollution Level Trends of MP & CG
19.4 Conclusion
References
20. Toward Cleaner Combustion: Mitigation Approaches for Power-Plant Flue Gas Emissions with Biomass Utilization
Praveen Gautam, Raj Kumar Yadav, Ashok Kumar Yadav, Aqueel Ahmad, Shankar Kumar and Anoop Narain Singh
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Conventional Methods
20.2.1 Particulate Matter
20.2.1.1 Gravitational Settling Chamber
20.2.1.2 Cyclone Separator
20.2.1.3 Wet Collectors (Wet Scrubber)
20.2.1.4 Fabric Filter
20.2.1.5 Electrostatic Precipitator
20.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides
20.2.2.1 Primary Control Methods
20.2.2.2 Secondary Methods
20.2.3 Carbon Oxides
20.2.3.1 Precombustion Carbon Capture
20.2.3.2 Oxy-Fuel Combustion
20.2.3.3 Postcombustion Carbon Capture
20.2.4 Sulfur Oxides
20.2.4.1 Precombustion Methods (Before Burning)
20.2.4.2 In-Combustion Methods
20.2.4.3 Postcombustion Methods (After Burning)
20.3 Biomass Co-Firing and Dedicated Biomass Combustion as Sustainable Pathways for Emission Reduction in Power Generation
20.3.1 Biomass
20.3.2 Biomass Co-Firing Technical Challenges and Solutions
20.3.3 Torrefaction Process and Impact of Torrefaction on Properties of Biomass
20.3.3.1 Key Physicochemical Changes
20.3.3.2 Impact on Thermochemical Conversion
20.4 Environmental Impact
20.5 Conclusions
20.6 Future Directions
References
21. Pollutant Formation and Emission Reduction Strategies in Internal Combustion Engines
Vinil N. Kongari, Nitin S. Solke, Syed Quadir Moinuddin, Sunil Kumar Sharma and Neha
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Principles Governing IC Engines
21.3 Combustion as an Immanent Source of Pollutants
21.4 Effects on Human Health
21.5 Principle of Internal Combustion Engine Combustion
21.5.1 Air–Fuel Mixing in Internal Combustion Engines
21.5.2 Combustion Regimes and Modes
21.5.3 Phases of Combustion
21.5.4 Heat Release Rate and Cylinder Pressure
21.5.5 Influence of Temperature and Equivalence Ratio
21.5.6 Combustion Process
21.6 Sources and Formation of IC Engine Pollutants
21.6.1 Types of Pollutants
21.6.2 Nitrogen Oxide Formation: Thermal NOx (Zeldovich Mechanism)
21.6.3 Particle Size Classification
21.6.4 Flowchart: Pollutant Formation Pathway
21.7 Environmental and Climate Impacts of Internal Combustion Engine Emissions
21.8 IC Engine Emissions
21.8.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions
21.8.2 Nitrous Oxide
21.8.3 Black Carbon and Short-Lived Climate Pollutants
21.8.4 Radiative Forcing Mechanisms
21.8.5 Tropospheric Ozone Formation
21.8.6 Acid Deposition and Soil Degradation
21.8.7 Vegetation and Crop Yield Reduction
21.8.8 Integrated Environmental Impact Pathway
21.9 Human Health Effects and Risk Assessment
21.9.1 Vulnerable Population Groups
21.9.2 Health Effects of Particulate Matter
21.9.3 NO2 Health Effects
21.9.4 World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines
21.9.5 Health Risk Assessment Framework
21.10 Conventional Emission Control
21.10.1 Exhaust Gas Recirculation
21.10.2 Three-Way Catalytic Converter
21.10.3 Diesel Oxidation Catalyst
21.10.4 Diesel Particulate Filter
21.10.5 Regeneration Strategies
21.10.6 Conventional Diesel Emission Control System
21.10.7 Advanced Posttreatment Technologies for Emission Control
21.10.7.1 Introduction to Advanced Exhaust After-Treatment
21.10.7.2 SCR Technology
21.10.8 Diesel Exhaust Fluid and Ammonia Generation
21.10.9 SCR Catalyst Materials
21.10.9.1 Copper and Iron Zeolite Catalysts
21.10.10 Ammonia Slip and Control Strategies
21.10.11 Thermal Management in SCR Systems
21.10.12 System Integration with DOC and DPF
21.10.13 Real-World Performance and NOx Conversion Efficiency
21.11 Alternative Fuels and Sustainable Combustion Technologies
21.11.1 Hydrogen Gas as IC Engine Fuel
21.11.2 Dual-Fuel and Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition
21.12 Regulatory Frameworks, Standards, and Compliance Testing
21.12.1 Global Emission Standards
21.12.2 Compliance Testing Cycles
References
22. Effect of Spark Intensity on Flue Gases Generation in IC Engines and Its Environmental Impact: An Emissions Study
Mahesh V. Mane, Nitin S. Solke and Maheshkumar S. Deshmukh
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Flue Gas Composition from IC Engines
22.3 Role of Ignition and Spark Intensity in Flue Gas Generation
22.4 Spark Plug Design and Emission Characteristics
22.5 Spark Plug Material
22.6 Spark Plug Voltage
22.7 Spark Plug Gap
22.8 Engine Emissions as a Source of Environmental Impact
22.9 Influence of Spark Intensity
22.10 IC Engine Emissions
22.11 Vibration
22.12 Effect of IC Engine Emission on Environment and on Health
22.13 Effect of IC Engine Emission on Engine Life
22.14 Conclusions
Bibliography
23. Carbonation of Linz–Donawitz Slag for CO2 Valorization
and Sustainable Building Material Development
Mohit Nayal, Suchitra Verma, Chandan Swaroop Meena, Nawal Kishor Banjara, Raj Kumar, Varun Pratap Singh and Manjeet Kumar Singh
23.1 Introduction
23.1.1 Industrial CO2 Emissions and the Need for Valorization
23.1.2 Steelmaking Slags as Secondary Resources
23.1.3 Motivation for Carbonating LD Slag
23.2 Characteristics of LD Slag
23.2.1 Generation of LD Slag in Basic Oxygen Furnace Steelmaking
23.2.2 Chemical and Mineralogical Composition
23.2.3 Physical Properties and Material Variability
23.2.4 Environmental Challenges and Disposal Issues
23.3 Carbonation and CO2 Mineralization Mechanisms
23.3.1 Fundamentals of Carbonation Reactions
23.3.2 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects
23.3.3 Role of Calcium-and Magnesium-Rich Phases
23.3.4 Natural versus Accelerated Carbonation
23.3.5 Implications for CO2 Valorization and Material Performance
23.4 Carbonation-Induced Material Transformation
23.4.1 Phase Transformations During Carbonation
23.4.2 Microstructural Evolution and Pore Refinement
23.4.3 Influence of Process Parameters on CO2 Uptake
23.4.4 Stabilization Effects and Implications for Material Performance
23.5 Engineering Performance of Carbonated LD Slag
23.5.1 Mechanical Properties and Strength Development
23.5.2 Volume Stability and Expansion Control
23.5.3 Durability and Long-Term Performance
23.5.4 Leaching Behavior and Environmental Safety
23.5.5 Engineering Implications for Construction Applications
23.6 Application Potential and Sustainability Assessment
23.6.1 Construction Applications of Carbonated LD Slag
23.6.2 CO2 Sequestration Potential and Environmental Benefits
23.6.3 Life-Cycle and Circular Economy Considerations
23.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
24. Industrial Advancements in Flue Gas Management
Fasaha Ahmad, Pratibha S. Agrawal, Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum and Yatika Gori
24.1 Nanotechnology
24.1.1 CO2 Capture: The Participation of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials
24.2 Hierarchical Structured Adsorbents
24.3 Hybrid Flue Gas Treatment Systems
24.3.1 Hybrid Technology
24.4 Zero Discharge System
24.4.1 FGD Wastewater Pretreatment
24.4.1.1 Membranes and Experimental Setup for RO and MD
24.4.2 Evaluations through Analysis
24.5 Artificial Intelligence
24.6 Conclusion
References
25. Case Studies and Examples of Flue Gas Treatment and Valorization
Fasaha Ahmad, Pratibha S. Agrawal, Ashwani Kumar and Yogesh Kumar Singla
25.1 Case Study in Flue Gas Technology
25.1.1 An Austrian Case Study on the Assessment of CO2 Sources for Power-to-Gas Applications
25.1.1.1 Method
25.1.1.2 CO2 Sources for Applications Involving Power-to-Gas
25.1.1.3 Carbon Dioxide from Power Plant Combustion
25.1.1.4 CO2 Produced as a By-Product During Manufacturing
25.1.1.5 CO2 from the Atmosphere
25.1.1.6 Captured CO2 Transport
25.1.1.7 Assessing Austrian CO2 Sources for Power-to-Gas
Applications
25.1.2 Land Application Uses of Flue Gas Desulfurization Case Studies
25.1.2.1 Agricultural Uses
25.1.2.2 Building and Repairing Embankments and Roads with Dry Flue Gas Desulfurization By-Products
25.1.2.3 Reclamation of Mine Land
25.2 The Status, Lessons Learned, and Requirements for Moving Forward with Full-Scale Implementation of Industrial CO2 Capture Projects
25.2.1 Significant CCUS Initiatives in Europe
25.2.2 CO2 Capture Technologies
25.2.3 Lessons Learned
25.2.3.1 Important Variables for the Duration of the Project
25.2.4 Laws and Authorization
25.2.5 Health, Safety, and Environment
25.2.6 Communication and Dissemination
25.2.7 The Primary Determinants in the Selection of CO2 Capture Technologies
25.2.7.1 Assessment of Technology for Capture
25.2.7.2 The Cost of Capture
25.2.8 Implementing CO2 Capture Technology: Choosing Partners and Suppliers
25.2.9 Recognized Requirements for Extensive Implementation
25.2.10 Constructing the Business Proposal
25.2.11 Risks Sharing
25.2.12 Infrastructure for the Transportation and Storage of CO2
25.2.13 R&I Required to Enhance CO2 Capture
25.3 Conclusion
Bibliography
26. Flue Gas Treatment Technologies and Human Health Impact
Assessment
Bipasa Bimalendu Patra, Rahul Vishwanth Patil, Priyanka D. Gajare and Shivaji Suryabhan Aher
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Composition and Characteristics of the Flue Gases
26.2.1 Major Pollutants
26.3 Technologies for Treatment of Flue Gases
26.3.1 Particulate Matter Control Technologies
26.3.1.1 Electrostatic Precipitators
26.3.1.2 Fabric Filters (Baghouses)
26.3.1.3 Cyclone Separators
26.3.2 SOx Control Technologies
26.3.2.1 Flue Gas Desulfurization
26.3.3 Control Technologies for NOx
26.3.3.1 Selective Catalytic Reduction
26.3.3.2 Selective Noncatalytic Reduction
26.3.4 Control of Acid Gases and Toxic Pollutants
26.3.4.1 Activated Carbon Injection for Hg and Dioxins
26.3.4.2 Methodologies for HCl and HF: Wet Scrubbers
26.3.4.3 Thermal Oxidizers
26.3.5 Carbon Capture and Control
26.3.5.1 Postcombustion CO2 Capture (Using Amine Solvents)
26.3.5.2 Oxy-Fuel Combustion
26.3.5.3 Precombustion Capture
26.4 Human Health Impact Assessment
26.4.1 Exposure Pathways
26.4.2 Health Effects of Major Pollutants
26.4.2.1 Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
26.4.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides
26.4.2.3 Sulfur Dioxide
26.4.2.4 Carbon Monoxide
26.4.2.5 Mercury
26.4.2.6 Dioxins
26.4.3 Vulnerable Susceptible Populations
26.4.4 Risk Assessment Framework
26.5 Integrated Engineering, Future Trends, and Challenges
26.6 Conclusion
References
Part 4: Future Directions and Comprehensive Assessment
27. AI and Machine Learning for Flue Gas Mitigation and Environmental Sustainability: Digital Transformation, Computational Intelligence, and Data-Driven Strategies for Flue Gas Decarbonization
Advait G. Burande, Pratibha S. Agrawal, Ashwani Kumar and Yogesh Kumar Singla
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Optimizing Combustion Processes for Reduced Emissions
27.2.1 Challenges in Optimization of Combustion Process
27.3 Traditional Methods for Combustion Optimization
27.4 AI and ML for Combustion Modeling
27.4.1 Artificial Neural Networks
27.4.2 Support Vector Machines
27.4.3 Decision Trees and Random Forest
27.4.4 Extreme Gradient Boosting
27.4.5 Improved Distributed Extreme Learning Machine (IDELM)
27.4.6 MapReduce Particle Swarm Optimization (MR-PSO)
27.5 Real-World Implementation for Combustion Modeling
27.6 Predictive Maintenance for Peak Plant Performance
27.7 Data Collection and Analysis
27.8 Real-World Implementation of Predictive Maintenance
27.9 Data-Driven Capture Technologies for CO2 Sequestration
27.9.1 Absorption
27.9.2 Membrane Separation
27.9.3 Adsorption
27.10 The Future of AI: Intelligent Flue Gas Decarbonization
Systems
Bibliography
28. Technological Innovations and Future Directions in Flue Gas Management and Sustainability: The Path to Net-Zero 2050
Advait G. Burande, Pratibha S. Agrawal, Ashwani Kumar and Yogesh Kumar Singla
28.1 Introduction
28.1.1 Advancements in Carbon Capture Technologies
28.1.2 Post-Combustion Carbon Capture
28.1.3 Pre-Combustion Carbon Capture
28.2 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources with Flue Gas Management
28.2.1 Solar-Aided Flue Gas Treatment
28.2.2 Power-to-Gas Technology
28.3 Cost Engineering and Economic Analysis
28.3.1 Cost of CO2 Captured
28.3.2 CO2 Avoidance Cost
28.3.3 Incremental Production Costs
28.3.4 Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE)
28.4 Direct Air Capture (DAC) Scale-Up
28.5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Carbon Capture Technologies
28.6 Conclusion
Bibliography
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