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For Authors
Submit a ProposalElectrifying Mobility
One Line Description
Authored by industry leaders, this essential volume combines expert commentary, real-world case studies, and forward-looking analysis to provide the definitive roadmap through the technological innovations, market trends, and regulatory shifts shaping the future of electric mobility.
Description
Electrifying mobility presents a dynamic landscape filled with challenges and opportunities that can reshape the automotive industry. The rapid advancements in technology are poised to revolutionize how vehicles are designed, operated, and made safer. The exceptional processing power available creates exciting possibilities for autonomous driving, predictive maintenance, and supply chain logistics optimization. With the potential to revolutionize vehicle performance, energy efficiency, and customer experience, this technical development represents remarkable progress.
This book is an insightful exploration into the transformative journey of electric vehicles and their impact on transportation and society at large. Authored by leading experts in the field of sustainable transportation, the book delves into the history, present status, and future prospects of electric mobility. Through a combination of case studies, data analysis, and expert commentary, the book offers a comprehensive overview of the current state of the EV market, including insights into key players, technological advancements, and emerging trends. It examines the challenges and opportunities facing the widespread adoption of electric vehicles, such as infrastructure limitations, consumer acceptance, and regulatory frameworks. With its blend of technical expertise, historical context, and forward-looking analysis, this volume is essential reading for anyone interested in understanding the past, present, and future of electric transportation.
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Electrifying mobility presents a dynamic landscape filled with challenges and opportunities that can reshape the automotive industry. The rapid advancements in technology are poised to revolutionize how vehicles are designed, operated, and made safer. The exceptional processing power available creates exciting possibilities for autonomous driving, predictive maintenance, and supply chain logistics optimization. With the potential to revolutionize vehicle performance, energy efficiency, and customer experience, this technical development represents remarkable progress.
This book is an insightful exploration into the transformative journey of electric vehicles and their impact on transportation and society at large. Authored by leading experts in the field of sustainable transportation, the book delves into the history, present status, and future prospects of electric mobility. Through a combination of case studies, data analysis, and expert commentary, the book offers a comprehensive overview of the current state of the EV market, including insights into key players, technological advancements, and emerging trends. It examines the challenges and opportunities facing the widespread adoption of electric vehicles, such as infrastructure limitations, consumer acceptance, and regulatory frameworks. With its blend of technical expertise, historical context, and forward-looking analysis, this volume is essential reading for anyone interested in understanding the past, present, and future of electric transportation.
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Author / Editor Details
S. Neelakrishnan, PhD is a Professor and Head of the Department of Automobile Engineering at the PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India. During his service at PSG Tech, he has been instrumental in the development of vocational programs for the automotive domain and setting up 15 specialized state-of-the-art laboratories in the automotive and textile domain.
S. Neelakrishnan, PhD is a Professor and Head of the Department of Automobile Engineering at the PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India. During his service at PSG Tech, he has been instrumental in the development of vocational programs for the automotive domain and setting up 15 specialized state-of-the-art laboratories in the automotive and textile domain.
Niresh Jayarajan, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Automobile Engineering at the PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India. He is a member of the Society of Automotive Engineers of India. His research interests are in electric and hybrid vehicles, vehicle acoustics, and energy management systems.
Archana Naganathan, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at the PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India. She is a member of the Institute of Engineers of India. Her research interests include power electronics, optimisation techniques, and hybrid electric vehicles.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Historical Overview: From Early Innovations to Modern Revival of Electrifying Mobility
R. Niraimathi, V. Chamundeeswari, A. Manjula and M. Shanthi
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of Electrifying Mobility
1.2.1 Early Innovations (Nineteenth Century to Early Twentieth Century)
1.2.2 The Decline of Early EVs (1920s–1950s)
1.2.3 The Mid-Twentieth Century—A Period of Stagnation
1.2.4 Modern-Day Electrification of Mobility (2010s–Present)
1.3 The Outlook for Electric Vehicle Development
1.4 State of the Art: Electric Mobility Today
1.4.1 Advanced Battery Technologies
1.4.2 Battery Recycling and Sustainability
1.4.3 High-Performance EVs
1.4.4 Independent and Interlinked Electric Vehicles
1.4.5 The Integration of Charging Infrastructure with Smart Grid Systems
1.4.6 Global Policy Support and Industry Collaboration
1.5 Policies Supporting the Implementation of Electric Mobility
1.5.1 Financial Incentives and Subsidies
1.5.1.1 Purchase Incentives
1.5.1.2 Incentives for Charging Infrastructure
1.5.2 Emission Standards and Regulations
1.5.3 Financing for Development and Research (R&D)
1.5.4 Carbon Pricing and Low-Carbon Incentives
1.5.5 International Cooperation and Agreements
1.5.6 Urban Planning and Infrastructure Development
1.6 Environmental Issues and the Role of Electrifying Mobility
1.6.1 Reduction of GHG
1.6.2 Energy Consumption and Grid Demand
1.6.3 Battery Production and Raw Materials
1.6.4 The Recycling of Batteries and the Disposal of End-of-Life Units
1.6.5 Waste Management and Environmental Impact of EVs
1.6.6 Social and Ethical Issues
1.7 Conclusion
References
2. Integrating Renewable Energy Sources into Electrified Mobility
A. Manjula, R. Niraimathi, V. Chamundeeswari and S. Chitra Devi
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Overview of Electrified Mobility (EVs, E-Bikes, Electric Public Transport, Etc.)
2.1.1.a Components of Electrified Mobility
2.1.1.b Advantages of Electrified Mobility
2.1.1.c Challenges in Electrified Mobility
2.1.1.d Global Trends and Adoption
2.1.2 Importance of Renewable Energy Integration in Reducing Carbon Emissions
2.1.3 Challenges and Opportunities in Combining Renewable Energy and Electrified Transport
2.2 Renewable Energy Technologies
2.2.1 Overview of Key Renewable Energy Sources
2.2.1.1 Solar Energy
2.2.1.2 Wind Energy
2.2.1.3 Hydropower
2.2.1.4 Biomass Energy
2.2.1.5 Geothermal Energy
2.2.1.6 Emerging Technologies
2.2.2 Advancements in Renewable Energy Systems Suitable for Mobility Applications
2.2.2.1 Solar Energy Advancements
2.2.2.2 Wind Energy Innovations
2.2.2.3 Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)
2.2.2.4 Smart Energy Management Systems
2.2.2.5 Hydrogen Production and Fuel Cells
2.2.2.6 Bi-Directional Energy Flow and Microgrids
2.2.2.7 Innovations in Tidal and Wave Energy
2.2.2.8 Advanced Materials and Design
2.2.2.9 Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics
2.2.2.10 Policy and Economic Advancements
2.3 Electrified Mobility and Energy Demand
2.3.1 Energy Consumption Patterns of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Other Electrified Transport Systems
2.3.1.1 Energy Consumption of Electric Vehicles (EVs)
2.3.1.2 Electrified Rail Systems
2.3.1.3 Electrified Heavy-Duty Vehicles
2.3.1.4 Public Charging Infrastructure
2.3.1.5 Comparison with Conventional Vehicles
2.3.1.6 Patterns in Renewable-Powered Mobility Systems
2.3.1.7 Integration of Electrified Transport Systems
2.3.1.8 Future Trends
2.3.2 Projected Growth of Electrified Mobility and Its Implications for Energy Demand
2.3.2.1 Projected Growth of Electrified Mobility
2.3.2.2 Implications for Energy Demand
2.3.2.3 Impacts on Grid Infrastructure
2.3.2.4 Environmental Implications
2.3.2.5 Challenges and Opportunities
2.3.2.6 Policy and Investment Requirements
2.3.3 Key Factors Influencing Energy Efficiency in Electrified Mobility
2.3.3.1 Vehicle Design and Technology
2.3.3.2 Battery Technology
2.3.3.3 Driving Behavior
2.3.3.4 Environmental Conditions
2.3.3.5 Charging Efficiency
2.3.3.6 Integration with Smart Technologies
2.3.3.7 Electrified Mobility Infrastructure
2.3.3.8 Policy and Behavioral Incentives
2.4 Challenges in Integration
2.4.1 Variability and Intermittency of Renewable Energy
2.4.2 Characteristics of Variability and Intermittency
2.4.3 Challenges Posed by Variability and Intermittency
2.4.4 Strategies to Address Variability and Intermittency
2.5 Case Studies and Real-World Examples
2.6 Future Trends and Innovations
2.6.1 Solid-State Batteries
2.6.2 Hydrogen Fuel Cells
2.6.3 Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP) Batteries
2.6.4 Flow Batteries
2.6.5 Sodium-Ion Batteries
2.6.6 Hybrid Energy Storage Systems
2.6.7 Advanced Thermal Storage
2.6.8 Impact of Advances in Energy Storage
2.7 Policy and Economic Considerations
2.7.1 Incentives and Subsidies for Renewable Energy and EV Integration
2.7.1.1 Types of Incentives and Subsidies
2.7.1.2 Regional Examples of Incentives
2.7.1.3 Benefits of Incentives
2.7.1.4 Challenges and Considerations
2.7.1.5 Trends and Future Directions
2.8 Conclusion
Bibliography
3. Introduction to Electrifying Mobility
V. Chamundeeswari, R. Niraimathi, A. Manjula and M. Shanthi
3.1 Development of E-Mobility from Early Centuries
3.2 E-Mobility and Its Importance in Present Scenario
3.3 Advantages of E-Mobility
3.4 Challenges in E-Mobility
3.5 Future E-Mobility
3.5.1 Challenges and the Road Ahead
3.5.2 Electric Vehicles and Its Types
3.6 E-Car and Its Functions
3.7 Components of E-Car
Conclusion
References
4. Wireless Charging Technologies: A Critical Review
Umamaheswari S., Hariharan P. and Ezhilmathi R.
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Cons of FBVs Compared to EVs—Operating Cost and Health Issues
4.3 EVs and Its Modules
4.4 Charging in EVs
4.5 Wired Charging—Types
4.5.1 AC Charging
4.5.2 DC Charging
4.6 Challenges in Wired Charging of EVs
4.7 Wireless Charging
4.8 Static Wireless Charging
4.9 Wireless Charging Methods (Coupling)
4.9.1 Inductive Coupling
4.9.2 Resonant Inductive Coupling
4.9.3 Capacitive Coupling
4.9.4 Permanent Magnetic Coupling
4.9.5 Microwave and Laser Coupling
4.10 Types of Coils in Wireless Charging of EVs
4.11 Alignment between the Coils for Transmission and Reception
4.12 Dynamic Wireless Charging
4.13 Design Types of Dynamic WPT System
4.13.1 Segmented DWPT Systems
4.13.2 Continuous Power Rail Systems
4.14 Compensation in Wireless Power Transfer
4.15 Types of Compensation System
4.16 Implementation Constraints of Wireless Charging
4.16.1 Technical Challenges
4.16.2 Economic Challenges
4.17 Conclusion
References
5. Integration of Renewable Energy Resources with EV Technology
Sathish Kumar D., Mohamed Ibrahim A., Vanitha U. and Lalitha B.
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Prevailing Renewable Resources for the Integration of EV
5.3 Technological Methodology
5.4 Energy Storage Methods
5.5 Various Charging System Standards
5.6 Power Semiconductors
5.7 Grid Integration
5.8 Smart Charging and Security Concerns
5.9 Trends in EV Charging Energy Consumption
5.10 Renewable Energy Enabled Smart Charging Methods
5.11 Opportunities and Challenges
5.12 Integration of Grid
5.13 Renovation of Existing Infrastructure and Grid Renovation
5.14 Absence of the Distribution Grid Transparency
5.15 Lack of Uniformity
5.16 Lack of Maintenance
5.17 Network Security
5.18 Optimization of Resources
5.19 Conclusion
References
6. Electrifying Commercial Fleets
Jayavel S., Linges Naraian Sampath, Anbarasi. M. P. and Niresh J.
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Implementation
6.2.1 Pattern for Fleet Mobility
6.3 Infrastructure
6.4 Impacts and Effects
6.4.1 Environmental Impacts
6.4.2 Cost Savings
6.4.3 Operational Efficiency
6.4.4 Brand Reputation and Consumer Preferences
6.4.5 Challenges and Considerations
6.5 Challenges in Transitioning to Electric Fleets
6.5.1 Upfront Capital Costs
6.5.2 Approaches to Funding Front-Line Expenses
6.5.3 Range and Battery Limitations
6.5.4 Strategies to Improve Range
6.6 Charging Infrastructure Analysis and Non-Operational Time
6.6.1 Types of Charging Stations
6.6.2 Minimizing Downtime
6.6.3 Increasing Use of Charging Stations
6.6.4 Sustainability and Environmental Impact of Electric Fleets
6.6.4.1 Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
6.6.4.2 Battery Production and Its Environmental Impact
6.6.4.3 The Role of Renewable Energy in Enhancing Sustainability
6.6.4.4 Circular Economy and the Potential for Sustainable Fleets
6.7 Case Study: How Leading Companies Achieved Successful Fleet Electrification
6.7.1 DHL: Leading the Charge in Logistics
6.7.2 UPS: Embracing Electrification with Data-Driven Optimization
6.7.3 Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT): A Public Sector Pioneer
6.7.4 Amazon: Pioneering EV Delivery in E-Commerce
6.7.5 New York City: Transforming Municipal Fleets for a Greener Future
6.7.6 Conclusion: The Future of Fleet Electrification
6.8 Conclusion
References
7. Integrating Algorithm-Based Battery Management Systems
for Efficient Electric Vehicle Operation
Arrunkumar Kalathinathan, Bathrinath Gurusamy, Anbarasi M. P. and Niresh J.
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Electric Vehicles
7.1.2 Battery Management System
7.1.3 Algorithm-Based Battery Management System
7.2 Fundamentals of a Battery Management System
7.2.1 Batteries
7.2.2 Functions
7.2.3 Performance Metrics
7.2.4 Architecture and Communication
7.2.5 Types of Architecture
7.3 Algorithms in a BMS
7.3.1 Extended Kalman Filter
7.3.2 Particle Swarm Optimization
7.3.3 Coulomb Counting
7.3.4 Model Predictive Control
7.3.5 Adaptive Switching
7.4 Integration
7.4.1 Requirements
7.4.2 Challenges
7.5 Improvements in Integrated System
7.5.1 EKF Estimation of SoC
7.5.2 PSO Estimation of SoH
7.5.3 CC Estimation of SoE
7.5.4 MPC Estimation of SoP
7.5.5 Cell Balancing with AS
7.6 Case Study on Tesla, Inc.
7.7 Trends and Future
7.7.1 Innovations and Developments
7.7.2 Research Directions
7.8 Conclusion
Bibliography
8. Electric Vehicle Charging Solutions: Current Status, Future Trends and Methods
Tamilselvan Ganesan, Niresh Jayarajan and Kirubakaran Ganesan
8.1 Introduction
8.2 EV Charging Technologies
8.2.1 Types of Electric Vehicles
8.2.2 Battery Technology
8.2.2.1 Based on Chemistry
8.2.2.2 Physical Configuration
8.2.3 Charging Levels
8.2.3.1 Charging Levels
8.2.3.2 Charging Modes
8.2.4 Charging Methods
8.2.4.1 Conductive Charging
8.2.4.2 Wireless Charging
8.2.4.3 Battery Swapping
8.2.5 Types of Charging Technologies
8.2.5.1 Slow Charging
8.2.5.2 Fast Charging
8.2.5.3 Ultra-Fast Charging
8.2.6 EV Charging Connectors
8.2.6.1 AC Chargers
8.2.6.2 DC Chargers
8.3 EV Charging Stations
8.3.1 Conventional Stations
8.3.2 AC and DC Bus-Based Charging Stations
8.3.3 Renewable Energy Integrated Charging Station
8.3.4 Smart Grids and Microgrid Integration
8.4 Emerging Trends in EV Charging
8.4.1 Smart and Autonomous Charging
8.4.2 High-Power Charging Stations
8.4.3 Inductive and Wireless Charging
8.5 Challenges and Future Trends
8.6 Conclusion
References
9. Market Analysis: Growth Trends and EV Market Landscape
Anandhi S., Ramkumar V., Tamilselvan Ganesan and Niresh Jayarajan
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Historical Context and Technological Evolution of EVs
9.2.1 Early Development of EVs
9.2.2 Battery Technology Evolution
9.2.3 Infrastructure and Policy Evolution
9.3 Global Market Analysis and Growth Drivers
9.3.1 Market Trends and Segmentation
9.3.1.1 Adoption Trends across Vehicle Segments
9.3.2 Regional Market Analysis
9.3.3 Technological Drivers
9.3.3.1 Advancements in Energy Density
9.3.4 Charging Efficiency
9.3.5 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology
9.3.6 Economic and Policy Incentives
9.4 Challenges and Emerging Innovations in Electric Vehicles
9.4.1 Barriers to Adoption
9.4.1.1 High Costs of EVs and Charging Infrastructure
9.4.1.2 Supply Chain Issues
9.4.2 Consumer Concerns
9.4.2.1 Range Anxiety and Battery Life
9.4.2.2 Recycling Inefficiencies and Environmental Implications
9.4.3 Emerging Innovations
9.4.3.1 Wireless Charging and Modular Battery Designs
9.4.3.2 Autonomous EVs and AI Integration
9.4.4 Future Business Models
9.5 Future Trajectories and Opportunities
9.5.1 Forecasting Global EV Growth
9.5.2 Integration with Renewable Energy
9.5.3 Strategic Implications for Stakeholders
9.6 Conclusion
References
10. G2V-Enabled 12-Level Buck PFC Rectifier for Fast Charging EV Applications
Latha R., Navaneethan S. and Sri Vikram P.
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Proposed System
10.2.1 Buck PFC System
10.2.2 PV System
10.2.3 DC–DC Boost Converter
10.2.4 Control of Battery Charger Using MPPT Algorithm and Voltage Control
10.3 Simulation Results
10.3.1 Buck PFC Circuit with 12-Pulse Rectifier
10.3.2 MPPT Control Implemented Boost Converter
10.4 Conclusion
References
11. Edge-Based Chevron Sign Recognition and Autonomous Steering Adjustment Using ESP32-CAM and Lightweight CNNs for Intelligent Driver Assistance
Saranya M., Archana N., Sonya J., Yasar Arafath N., Jeffrin Sam and Shiva Kirthick
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Related Works
11.3 System Architecture
11.3.1 Vision Perception Subsystem
11.3.2 Steering Control Subsystem
11.3.3 Driver Behavior Monitoring Subsystem
11.3.4 Integration and Communication
11.3.5 Power and Deployment Considerations
11.4 Methodology and Algorithm
11.4.1 Initialization of the System
11.4.2 Image Acquisition and Transmission
11.4.3 Using Lightweight CNN for Visual Inference
11.4.4 Logic for Steering Control
11.4.5 Using FSR to Monitor Driver Behavior
11.4.6 Pseudocode: Chevron Recognition and Steering Control Algorithm
11.5 Results and Discussion
11.5.1 Performance of Chevron Sign Detection
11.5.2 Evaluation of Steering Control and Latency
11.5.3 Accuracy and Stability of Servo Motors
11.5.4 Results of Grip Pressure Monitoring
11.6 Conclusion and Future Work
11.6.1 Future Work
Bibliography
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Historical Overview: From Early Innovations to Modern Revival of Electrifying Mobility
R. Niraimathi, V. Chamundeeswari, A. Manjula and M. Shanthi
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of Electrifying Mobility
1.2.1 Early Innovations (Nineteenth Century to Early Twentieth Century)
1.2.2 The Decline of Early EVs (1920s–1950s)
1.2.3 The Mid-Twentieth Century—A Period of Stagnation
1.2.4 Modern-Day Electrification of Mobility (2010s–Present)
1.3 The Outlook for Electric Vehicle Development
1.4 State of the Art: Electric Mobility Today
1.4.1 Advanced Battery Technologies
1.4.2 Battery Recycling and Sustainability
1.4.3 High-Performance EVs
1.4.4 Independent and Interlinked Electric Vehicles
1.4.5 The Integration of Charging Infrastructure with Smart Grid Systems
1.4.6 Global Policy Support and Industry Collaboration
1.5 Policies Supporting the Implementation of Electric Mobility
1.5.1 Financial Incentives and Subsidies
1.5.1.1 Purchase Incentives
1.5.1.2 Incentives for Charging Infrastructure
1.5.2 Emission Standards and Regulations
1.5.3 Financing for Development and Research (R&D)
1.5.4 Carbon Pricing and Low-Carbon Incentives
1.5.5 International Cooperation and Agreements
1.5.6 Urban Planning and Infrastructure Development
1.6 Environmental Issues and the Role of Electrifying Mobility
1.6.1 Reduction of GHG
1.6.2 Energy Consumption and Grid Demand
1.6.3 Battery Production and Raw Materials
1.6.4 The Recycling of Batteries and the Disposal of End-of-Life Units
1.6.5 Waste Management and Environmental Impact of EVs
1.6.6 Social and Ethical Issues
1.7 Conclusion
References
2. Integrating Renewable Energy Sources into Electrified Mobility
A. Manjula, R. Niraimathi, V. Chamundeeswari and S. Chitra Devi
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Overview of Electrified Mobility (EVs, E-Bikes, Electric Public Transport, Etc.)
2.1.1.a Components of Electrified Mobility
2.1.1.b Advantages of Electrified Mobility
2.1.1.c Challenges in Electrified Mobility
2.1.1.d Global Trends and Adoption
2.1.2 Importance of Renewable Energy Integration in Reducing Carbon Emissions
2.1.3 Challenges and Opportunities in Combining Renewable Energy and Electrified Transport
2.2 Renewable Energy Technologies
2.2.1 Overview of Key Renewable Energy Sources
2.2.1.1 Solar Energy
2.2.1.2 Wind Energy
2.2.1.3 Hydropower
2.2.1.4 Biomass Energy
2.2.1.5 Geothermal Energy
2.2.1.6 Emerging Technologies
2.2.2 Advancements in Renewable Energy Systems Suitable for Mobility Applications
2.2.2.1 Solar Energy Advancements
2.2.2.2 Wind Energy Innovations
2.2.2.3 Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)
2.2.2.4 Smart Energy Management Systems
2.2.2.5 Hydrogen Production and Fuel Cells
2.2.2.6 Bi-Directional Energy Flow and Microgrids
2.2.2.7 Innovations in Tidal and Wave Energy
2.2.2.8 Advanced Materials and Design
2.2.2.9 Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics
2.2.2.10 Policy and Economic Advancements
2.3 Electrified Mobility and Energy Demand
2.3.1 Energy Consumption Patterns of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Other Electrified Transport Systems
2.3.1.1 Energy Consumption of Electric Vehicles (EVs)
2.3.1.2 Electrified Rail Systems
2.3.1.3 Electrified Heavy-Duty Vehicles
2.3.1.4 Public Charging Infrastructure
2.3.1.5 Comparison with Conventional Vehicles
2.3.1.6 Patterns in Renewable-Powered Mobility Systems
2.3.1.7 Integration of Electrified Transport Systems
2.3.1.8 Future Trends
2.3.2 Projected Growth of Electrified Mobility and Its Implications for Energy Demand
2.3.2.1 Projected Growth of Electrified Mobility
2.3.2.2 Implications for Energy Demand
2.3.2.3 Impacts on Grid Infrastructure
2.3.2.4 Environmental Implications
2.3.2.5 Challenges and Opportunities
2.3.2.6 Policy and Investment Requirements
2.3.3 Key Factors Influencing Energy Efficiency in Electrified Mobility
2.3.3.1 Vehicle Design and Technology
2.3.3.2 Battery Technology
2.3.3.3 Driving Behavior
2.3.3.4 Environmental Conditions
2.3.3.5 Charging Efficiency
2.3.3.6 Integration with Smart Technologies
2.3.3.7 Electrified Mobility Infrastructure
2.3.3.8 Policy and Behavioral Incentives
2.4 Challenges in Integration
2.4.1 Variability and Intermittency of Renewable Energy
2.4.2 Characteristics of Variability and Intermittency
2.4.3 Challenges Posed by Variability and Intermittency
2.4.4 Strategies to Address Variability and Intermittency
2.5 Case Studies and Real-World Examples
2.6 Future Trends and Innovations
2.6.1 Solid-State Batteries
2.6.2 Hydrogen Fuel Cells
2.6.3 Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP) Batteries
2.6.4 Flow Batteries
2.6.5 Sodium-Ion Batteries
2.6.6 Hybrid Energy Storage Systems
2.6.7 Advanced Thermal Storage
2.6.8 Impact of Advances in Energy Storage
2.7 Policy and Economic Considerations
2.7.1 Incentives and Subsidies for Renewable Energy and EV Integration
2.7.1.1 Types of Incentives and Subsidies
2.7.1.2 Regional Examples of Incentives
2.7.1.3 Benefits of Incentives
2.7.1.4 Challenges and Considerations
2.7.1.5 Trends and Future Directions
2.8 Conclusion
Bibliography
3. Introduction to Electrifying Mobility
V. Chamundeeswari, R. Niraimathi, A. Manjula and M. Shanthi
3.1 Development of E-Mobility from Early Centuries
3.2 E-Mobility and Its Importance in Present Scenario
3.3 Advantages of E-Mobility
3.4 Challenges in E-Mobility
3.5 Future E-Mobility
3.5.1 Challenges and the Road Ahead
3.5.2 Electric Vehicles and Its Types
3.6 E-Car and Its Functions
3.7 Components of E-Car
Conclusion
References
4. Wireless Charging Technologies: A Critical Review
Umamaheswari S., Hariharan P. and Ezhilmathi R.
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Cons of FBVs Compared to EVs—Operating Cost and Health Issues
4.3 EVs and Its Modules
4.4 Charging in EVs
4.5 Wired Charging—Types
4.5.1 AC Charging
4.5.2 DC Charging
4.6 Challenges in Wired Charging of EVs
4.7 Wireless Charging
4.8 Static Wireless Charging
4.9 Wireless Charging Methods (Coupling)
4.9.1 Inductive Coupling
4.9.2 Resonant Inductive Coupling
4.9.3 Capacitive Coupling
4.9.4 Permanent Magnetic Coupling
4.9.5 Microwave and Laser Coupling
4.10 Types of Coils in Wireless Charging of EVs
4.11 Alignment between the Coils for Transmission and Reception
4.12 Dynamic Wireless Charging
4.13 Design Types of Dynamic WPT System
4.13.1 Segmented DWPT Systems
4.13.2 Continuous Power Rail Systems
4.14 Compensation in Wireless Power Transfer
4.15 Types of Compensation System
4.16 Implementation Constraints of Wireless Charging
4.16.1 Technical Challenges
4.16.2 Economic Challenges
4.17 Conclusion
References
5. Integration of Renewable Energy Resources with EV Technology
Sathish Kumar D., Mohamed Ibrahim A., Vanitha U. and Lalitha B.
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Prevailing Renewable Resources for the Integration of EV
5.3 Technological Methodology
5.4 Energy Storage Methods
5.5 Various Charging System Standards
5.6 Power Semiconductors
5.7 Grid Integration
5.8 Smart Charging and Security Concerns
5.9 Trends in EV Charging Energy Consumption
5.10 Renewable Energy Enabled Smart Charging Methods
5.11 Opportunities and Challenges
5.12 Integration of Grid
5.13 Renovation of Existing Infrastructure and Grid Renovation
5.14 Absence of the Distribution Grid Transparency
5.15 Lack of Uniformity
5.16 Lack of Maintenance
5.17 Network Security
5.18 Optimization of Resources
5.19 Conclusion
References
6. Electrifying Commercial Fleets
Jayavel S., Linges Naraian Sampath, Anbarasi. M. P. and Niresh J.
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Implementation
6.2.1 Pattern for Fleet Mobility
6.3 Infrastructure
6.4 Impacts and Effects
6.4.1 Environmental Impacts
6.4.2 Cost Savings
6.4.3 Operational Efficiency
6.4.4 Brand Reputation and Consumer Preferences
6.4.5 Challenges and Considerations
6.5 Challenges in Transitioning to Electric Fleets
6.5.1 Upfront Capital Costs
6.5.2 Approaches to Funding Front-Line Expenses
6.5.3 Range and Battery Limitations
6.5.4 Strategies to Improve Range
6.6 Charging Infrastructure Analysis and Non-Operational Time
6.6.1 Types of Charging Stations
6.6.2 Minimizing Downtime
6.6.3 Increasing Use of Charging Stations
6.6.4 Sustainability and Environmental Impact of Electric Fleets
6.6.4.1 Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
6.6.4.2 Battery Production and Its Environmental Impact
6.6.4.3 The Role of Renewable Energy in Enhancing Sustainability
6.6.4.4 Circular Economy and the Potential for Sustainable Fleets
6.7 Case Study: How Leading Companies Achieved Successful Fleet Electrification
6.7.1 DHL: Leading the Charge in Logistics
6.7.2 UPS: Embracing Electrification with Data-Driven Optimization
6.7.3 Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT): A Public Sector Pioneer
6.7.4 Amazon: Pioneering EV Delivery in E-Commerce
6.7.5 New York City: Transforming Municipal Fleets for a Greener Future
6.7.6 Conclusion: The Future of Fleet Electrification
6.8 Conclusion
References
7. Integrating Algorithm-Based Battery Management Systems
for Efficient Electric Vehicle Operation
Arrunkumar Kalathinathan, Bathrinath Gurusamy, Anbarasi M. P. and Niresh J.
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Electric Vehicles
7.1.2 Battery Management System
7.1.3 Algorithm-Based Battery Management System
7.2 Fundamentals of a Battery Management System
7.2.1 Batteries
7.2.2 Functions
7.2.3 Performance Metrics
7.2.4 Architecture and Communication
7.2.5 Types of Architecture
7.3 Algorithms in a BMS
7.3.1 Extended Kalman Filter
7.3.2 Particle Swarm Optimization
7.3.3 Coulomb Counting
7.3.4 Model Predictive Control
7.3.5 Adaptive Switching
7.4 Integration
7.4.1 Requirements
7.4.2 Challenges
7.5 Improvements in Integrated System
7.5.1 EKF Estimation of SoC
7.5.2 PSO Estimation of SoH
7.5.3 CC Estimation of SoE
7.5.4 MPC Estimation of SoP
7.5.5 Cell Balancing with AS
7.6 Case Study on Tesla, Inc.
7.7 Trends and Future
7.7.1 Innovations and Developments
7.7.2 Research Directions
7.8 Conclusion
Bibliography
8. Electric Vehicle Charging Solutions: Current Status, Future Trends and Methods
Tamilselvan Ganesan, Niresh Jayarajan and Kirubakaran Ganesan
8.1 Introduction
8.2 EV Charging Technologies
8.2.1 Types of Electric Vehicles
8.2.2 Battery Technology
8.2.2.1 Based on Chemistry
8.2.2.2 Physical Configuration
8.2.3 Charging Levels
8.2.3.1 Charging Levels
8.2.3.2 Charging Modes
8.2.4 Charging Methods
8.2.4.1 Conductive Charging
8.2.4.2 Wireless Charging
8.2.4.3 Battery Swapping
8.2.5 Types of Charging Technologies
8.2.5.1 Slow Charging
8.2.5.2 Fast Charging
8.2.5.3 Ultra-Fast Charging
8.2.6 EV Charging Connectors
8.2.6.1 AC Chargers
8.2.6.2 DC Chargers
8.3 EV Charging Stations
8.3.1 Conventional Stations
8.3.2 AC and DC Bus-Based Charging Stations
8.3.3 Renewable Energy Integrated Charging Station
8.3.4 Smart Grids and Microgrid Integration
8.4 Emerging Trends in EV Charging
8.4.1 Smart and Autonomous Charging
8.4.2 High-Power Charging Stations
8.4.3 Inductive and Wireless Charging
8.5 Challenges and Future Trends
8.6 Conclusion
References
9. Market Analysis: Growth Trends and EV Market Landscape
Anandhi S., Ramkumar V., Tamilselvan Ganesan and Niresh Jayarajan
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Historical Context and Technological Evolution of EVs
9.2.1 Early Development of EVs
9.2.2 Battery Technology Evolution
9.2.3 Infrastructure and Policy Evolution
9.3 Global Market Analysis and Growth Drivers
9.3.1 Market Trends and Segmentation
9.3.1.1 Adoption Trends across Vehicle Segments
9.3.2 Regional Market Analysis
9.3.3 Technological Drivers
9.3.3.1 Advancements in Energy Density
9.3.4 Charging Efficiency
9.3.5 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology
9.3.6 Economic and Policy Incentives
9.4 Challenges and Emerging Innovations in Electric Vehicles
9.4.1 Barriers to Adoption
9.4.1.1 High Costs of EVs and Charging Infrastructure
9.4.1.2 Supply Chain Issues
9.4.2 Consumer Concerns
9.4.2.1 Range Anxiety and Battery Life
9.4.2.2 Recycling Inefficiencies and Environmental Implications
9.4.3 Emerging Innovations
9.4.3.1 Wireless Charging and Modular Battery Designs
9.4.3.2 Autonomous EVs and AI Integration
9.4.4 Future Business Models
9.5 Future Trajectories and Opportunities
9.5.1 Forecasting Global EV Growth
9.5.2 Integration with Renewable Energy
9.5.3 Strategic Implications for Stakeholders
9.6 Conclusion
References
10. G2V-Enabled 12-Level Buck PFC Rectifier for Fast Charging EV Applications
Latha R., Navaneethan S. and Sri Vikram P.
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Proposed System
10.2.1 Buck PFC System
10.2.2 PV System
10.2.3 DC–DC Boost Converter
10.2.4 Control of Battery Charger Using MPPT Algorithm and Voltage Control
10.3 Simulation Results
10.3.1 Buck PFC Circuit with 12-Pulse Rectifier
10.3.2 MPPT Control Implemented Boost Converter
10.4 Conclusion
References
11. Edge-Based Chevron Sign Recognition and Autonomous Steering Adjustment Using ESP32-CAM and Lightweight CNNs for Intelligent Driver Assistance
Saranya M., Archana N., Sonya J., Yasar Arafath N., Jeffrin Sam and Shiva Kirthick
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Related Works
11.3 System Architecture
11.3.1 Vision Perception Subsystem
11.3.2 Steering Control Subsystem
11.3.3 Driver Behavior Monitoring Subsystem
11.3.4 Integration and Communication
11.3.5 Power and Deployment Considerations
11.4 Methodology and Algorithm
11.4.1 Initialization of the System
11.4.2 Image Acquisition and Transmission
11.4.3 Using Lightweight CNN for Visual Inference
11.4.4 Logic for Steering Control
11.4.5 Using FSR to Monitor Driver Behavior
11.4.6 Pseudocode: Chevron Recognition and Steering Control Algorithm
11.5 Results and Discussion
11.5.1 Performance of Chevron Sign Detection
11.5.2 Evaluation of Steering Control and Latency
11.5.3 Accuracy and Stability of Servo Motors
11.5.4 Results of Grip Pressure Monitoring
11.6 Conclusion and Future Work
11.6.1 Future Work
Bibliography
Index
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