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One Line Description
Capitalize on the global demand for functional food with this comprehensive book, which provides an essential resource on the concepts, safety, and technology surrounding synbiotics and the innovative utilization of microbes in food.
Audience
Academics, researchers, and food industry professionals and manufacturers working in food science, agriprocessing, food microbiology, and food biotechnology.
Academics, researchers, and food industry professionals and manufacturers working in food science, agriprocessing, food microbiology, and food biotechnology.
Description
Since prehistoric times, humans have consumed probiotic foods and prebiotic components of food, developing them through modification in substrates, processes, and technology. In the current era, health-conscious consumers demand functional food with health-promoting activity. Synbiotics positively affect the gut microbiota population and, therefore, improve human health and well-being. As the demand for healthy food increases globally, manufacturers are searching for new possibilities to occupy a share in the rapidly evolving food market. This book covers synbiotics and advances in food microbiology, its concepts, trends, and safety aspects. It covers the utilization of microbes in different types of foods, encompassing the background, principles, classification, applications, equipment, effect on foods, legislative issues, technology implementation, constraints, and food and human safety concerns, making it a comprehensive resource for academics and industry professionals alike.
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Since prehistoric times, humans have consumed probiotic foods and prebiotic components of food, developing them through modification in substrates, processes, and technology. In the current era, health-conscious consumers demand functional food with health-promoting activity. Synbiotics positively affect the gut microbiota population and, therefore, improve human health and well-being. As the demand for healthy food increases globally, manufacturers are searching for new possibilities to occupy a share in the rapidly evolving food market. This book covers synbiotics and advances in food microbiology, its concepts, trends, and safety aspects. It covers the utilization of microbes in different types of foods, encompassing the background, principles, classification, applications, equipment, effect on foods, legislative issues, technology implementation, constraints, and food and human safety concerns, making it a comprehensive resource for academics and industry professionals alike.
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Author / Editor Details
Anil Panghal, PhD is an Assistant Scientist in the Department of Processing and Food Engineering in the College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University. He has published several research papers in reputed journals and chapters for international publishers. His areas of expertise include bioprocessing, manufacturing, food chemistry, food science and technology, and nutrition.
Anil Panghal, PhD is an Assistant Scientist in the Department of Processing and Food Engineering in the College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University. He has published several research papers in reputed journals and chapters for international publishers. His areas of expertise include bioprocessing, manufacturing, food chemistry, food science and technology, and nutrition.
Namita Singh, PhD is a Professor in the Department of Bio and Nano Technology at the Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology with more than 22 years of experience. She has published 40 national and 60 international publications, one book, three manuals, and one patent. Her areas of expertise include microbial biotechnology, fermentation technology, environmental biotechnology, algal biotechnology, enzyme technology, and solid waste management.
Ramesh Chander Kuhad, PhD is the Pro-Chancellor at Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University with more than 35 years of experience. He has authored more than 200 publications, edited five books, and has four patents to his credit in different areas of crop by-product biotechnology. His research focuses on microbial ecology, bioprocess engineering and fermentation technology, and wastewater treatment.
Mandeep Kumar is a research scholar in the Department of Bio and Nano Technology at the Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology. He completed his postgraduate work in biochemistry at Kurukshetra University. His PhD thesis focuses on the development of vegetable-based probiotic drinks and the evaluation of their bioactivity.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. The New Frontier in Healthy Living: Synbiotic Drinks Combining Probiotics and Prebiotics
Taruna Sheoran, Mandeep Kumar, Navnidhi Chikkara and Namita Singh
Introduction
Fruits
Fruit Juices as a Probiotic Medium
Juice-Based Beverages
Prebiotics
Probiotics
Synbiotics
Conclusion
Future Prospects
References
2. Synbiotics: Production, Applications, and Health Promotion
Nidhi Gupta and Manjula Gautam
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Synbiotic Formulation
2.3 Applications
2.3.1 Dairy Products
2.3.2 Ice Cream
2.3.3 Petit-Suisse Cheese
2.3.4 Fermented Skimmed Milk
2.3.5 Chocolates
2.3.6 Candies
2.3.7 Antioxidants
2.3.8 Prebiotic Components
2.3.9 Synbiotic Components
2.3.10 Action Mechanism of Synbiotics
2.4 Synbiotics in the Prevention and Management of Chronic Illnesses
2.4.1 Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Diarrhea
2.4.2 Hypercholesterolemia
2.4.3 Diabetes
2.4.4 Dental Well-Being
2.4.5 Cancer
2.4.6 Overweight
2.4.7 Oxidative Stress and Lipid Oxidation
2.4.8 COVID-19 Infections
2.4.9 Respiratory Tract Infections
2.4.10 Helicobacter pylori Infection
2.4.11 Infant Health
2.5 Impact of Synbiotics on Health Promotion
2.6 Conclusion
2.7 Perspectives for the Future
References
3. Understanding the Role of Multi-Strain Probiotics in Improving Consumer Health
Samridhi Pushkarna, Kajal Gaba, Shruti Kharod, Parveen Malhotra, Amita Suneja Dang and Pooja Suneja
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mechanism of Action
3.2.1 Modulation of Gut Microbiota
3.2.2 Enhancement of the Intestinal Barrier Function
3.2.3 Immune System Modulation
3.3 Benefits of Multi-Strain Probiotics
3.3.1 Establishment/Restoration of a Balanced Microbiome
3.3.2 Broad Spectrum of Benefits
3.3.3 Tailored Formulations for Specific Health Conditions
3.4 Applications of Multi-Strain Probiotics
3.4.1 Treatment of Diseases
3.4.2 Improved Livestock Health and Productivity
3.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
4. Co-Encapsulated Synbiotics for Improved Human Health
Bharti Datten, Nikita Jangra and Pooja Gulati
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Co-Encapsulated Synbiotics
4.3 Carriers Used for Co-Encapsulation
4.3.1 Polysaccharides
4.3.2 Proteins
4.3.3 Lipids
4.3.4 Synthetic Polymers
4.4 Microencapsulation
4.4.1 Methods of Microencapsulation
4.4.1.1 Spray Drying
4.4.1.2 Freeze Drying
4.4.1.3 Emulsification
4.4.1.4 Ionic Gelation
4.4.2 Limitations of Microencapsulation
4.5 Nanoencapsulation
4.6 Encapsulated Synbiotics in Promoting Gut Health
4.7 Side Effects Associated with Encapsulated Synbiotics In Vivo
4.8 Concluding Remarks
References
5. Unveiling the Role of Synbiotics in Infant Well-Being
Parul Chugh, Swati Misra, Shailendra Raghuwanshi and Mahesh S. Dhar
Introduction
The Dynamic Duo: Probiotics and Prebiotics
Infant Gut Microbiota: A Foundation for Health
Synbiotics in Action: Mechanisms and Clinical Insights
Clinical Insights and Applications
Implementation in Infant Formulas and Complementary Feeding
Conclusion
Future Prospects
References
6. Probiotics and Chronic Diseases
Mrinali Hakim Kaul
Introduction
6.1 Chronic Diseases
6.2 Function of Gut Microbiota in Chronic Diseases
6.3 Probiotics
6.3.1 Selection Criteria
6.3.2 Mechanisms of Action
6.4 Probiotics in Chronic Diseases
6.4.1 Hypercholesterolemia
6.4.2 Type 2 Diabetes
6.4.3 Chronic Intestinal Conditions
6.4.3.1 Irritable Bowel Syndrome
6.4.3.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
6.4.3.3 Helicobacter pylori Infection
6.4.3.4 Diarrhea
6.4.4 Chronic Kidney Disease
6.4.5 Autoimmune Diseases
6.5 Future of Probiotics in Chronic Disease
6.6 Conclusion
References
7. Exploring the Connection Between Probiotics and Chronic Diseases
Kajal Gaba, Samridhi Pushkarna, Shruti Kharod, Parveen Malhotra, Pooja Suneja and Amita Suneja Dang
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mechanism of Action of Probiotics
7.2.1 Immune Modulation
7.2.2 Gut Barrier Function
7.2.3 Competitive Exclusion
7.2.4 Production of Bioactive Compounds
7.3 Probiotics in Chronic Diseases Management
7.3.1 Cardiovascular Disease (CVDs)
7.3.2 Obesity
7.3.3 Diabetes Mellitus
7.3.4 IBD
7.3.5 NAFLD
7.3.6 Cancer
7.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8. Probiotics and Chronic Disease: A Microbial Approach to Prevention and Management
Akriti Thakur, Sonia Morya and Arno Neumann
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Understanding Probiotics
8.1.2 Types of Probiotic Microorganisms and Their Associated Benefits
8.1.2.1 Genus Lactobacillus
8.1.2.2 Genus Bifidobacterium
8.1.2.3 Genus Saccharomyces
8.1.2.4 Genus Lactococcus
8.1.2.5 Genus Enterococcus
8.1.2.6 Bacillus
8.1.2.7 Escherichia
8.2 Chronic Diseases and Their Impact
8.2.1 CVD
8.2.2 Diabetes
8.2.3 Cancer
8.3 The Gut Microbiome and Chronic Diseases
8.3.1 Disease Link with the Microbiome
8.3.1.1 Infectious Illnesses
8.3.1.2 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
8.3.1.3 Being Overweight and Metabolic Disorder
8.3.1.4 Issues Related to Lungs
8.4 Probiotics and Other Living Microorganism Biotherapies
8.4.1 Probiotic as a Potential Therapeutic Approach
8.4.1.1 Gastrointestinal Disorders
8.4.1.2 Metabolic Disorders
8.4.1.3 Immune Function
8.4.1.4 Mental Health
8.5 Mechanism of Action of Probiotics
8.6 Clinical Studies and Results
8.7 Conclusion
References
9. Exploring the Triad: Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics in Promoting Bone Health
Lakhvinder Kaur
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Importance of Prebiotics and Probiotics
9.3 Prebiotics in Human Health
9.4 Probiotics in Human Health
9.5 Synbiotics in Human Health
9.6 Impact of Probiotics on Bone Health
9.7 The Role of Probiotics in Inflammatory Homeostasis
9.8 Studies Emphasizing the Importance of Probiotics for Bone Health
9.8.1 Case Studies
9.8.2 Case Studies: Human Research
9.9 The Relationship Between Prebiotics and Bone Health
9.9.1 Case Studies
9.10 Other Therapeutic Advantages of Prebiotics
9.11 Summary
Bibliography
10. Probiotics and Prebiotics in Oral Health
Anamika Chauhan and Simple Sharma
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Composition of Oral Microbiota
10.2.1 Bacteria
10.2.2 Fungi
10.2.3 Archaea
10.2.4 Viruses
10.3 Probiotics in Oral Health
10.3.1 Definition and Types of Probiotics
10.3.2 Mechanisms of Action of Oral Probiotics
10.3.3 Clinical Evidence Supporting the Use of Probiotics in Oral Health
10.4 Prebiotics in Oral Health
10.4.1 Definition and Types of Prebiotics
10.4.2 How Prebiotics Influence Oral Microbiota
10.4.3 Mode of Action
10.4.4 Clinical Studies on the Use of Prebiotics for Oral Health
10.5 Oral Conditions and Probiotics/Prebiotics
10.5.1 Dental Caries and Probiotics/Prebiotics
10.5.2 Periodontal Diseases and Probiotics/Prebiotics
10.5.3 Halitosis (Bad Breath) and Probiotics/Prebiotics
10.5.4 Oral Candidiasis and Probiotics/Prebiotics
10.5.5 Xerostomia (Dry Mouth) and Probiotics/Prebiotics
10.6 Prebiotics and Probiotics in Commercial Oral Health Products
10.7 Current Uses of Probiotics and Prebiotics
10.8 Safety and Regulations
10.8.1 Safety Concerns Related to Probiotics and Prebiotics
10.8.2 Regulatory Considerations for Probiotics and Prebiotics in Oral Health Products
10.8.2.1 For Probiotics
10.8.2.2 For Prebiotics
10.9 Implications of the Potential of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Promoting Oral Health
10.10 Conclusion
References
Abbreviations
11. Synbiotics and the Immune System
Mrinali Hakim Kaul
Introduction
11.1 Historical Overview
11.2 Gut Microbiome and Immunity
11.3 Synbiotics
11.3.1 Types of Synbiotics
11.3.2 Product Characterization
11.3.3 Synbiotic Designing — Challenges
11.4 Impact of Synbiotics on the Immune System
11.4.1 Effect on NK Cells
11.4.2 Effect on T Cells and B Cells
11.4.3 Other Immune Cells and Parameters
11.5 Role in Diseases
11.6 Future Directions
11.7 Conclusion
References
12. Probiotics and Prebiotics for the Immune System
Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Understanding Synbiotics
12.3 Safety Assessment of Probiotics
12.4 Toxicity Considerations of Prebiotics: An Overview of Prebiotic Safety
12.5 Interactions and Synergy in Synbiotics
12.6 Immunomodulatory Effects and Host Response
12.7 Long-Term Safety and Health Outcomes
12.8 Safety Considerations in Special Populations
12.9 Regulatory Landscape and Labeling Requirements
12.10 Conclusion
References
13. Synbiotics for Promoting Health
Ankita Sharma and Madhvi Awasthi
Introduction
13.1 Synbiotics and Hormonal Regulation
13.2 Synbiotics and Thyroid Function
13.3 Synbiotics and Immunity
13.4 Synbiotics and Renal Function
13.5 Synbiotics and Skeletal System
13.6 Synbiotic and Cardiovascular System
13.7 Synbiotic and Respiratory Tract
13.8 Synbiotic and Gastrointestinal Tract
13.9 Synbiotic and Liver
Conclusion
Bibliography
14. Synbiotics in Cytotoxicity
Shruti Kharod, Samridhi Pushkarna, Kajal Gaba, Anil Kumar, Pooja Suneja and Amita Suneja Dang
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Synbiotics
14.3 Mechanisms of Synbiotic-Mediated Cytotoxicity Modulation
14.3.1 Effects on Gut Microbiota Balance
14.3.2 Modulation of Immune Response
14.3.3 Bioactive Metabolites Production
14.3.4 Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Effects
14.4 Synbiotics and Cytotoxicity in Specific Disease States
14.4.1 Cancer
14.4.2 Gastrointestinal Disorders
14.4.3 Neurodegenerative Diseases
14.4.4 Other Conditions
14.5 Future Directions
14.5.1 Variability and Specificity of Strain
14.5.2 Limited Knowledge
14.5.3 Safety Issues and Risk Evaluation
14.5.4 Standardization and Regulation
14.5.5 Translational Challenges
14.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
15. Synbiotics—Safety and Toxicity Considerations
Manjula Gautam and Nidhi Gupta
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Safety Evaluation
15.3 Synbiotic Safety Measures
15.4 Regulatory Considerations
15.5 Safety Assessment of Probiotics
15.6 Safety Evaluation of Prebiotics
15.7 Toxicity Investigations of Synbiotics
15.8 Management of Chemotherapy-Related Symptoms with Synbiotic Therapy
15.9 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. The New Frontier in Healthy Living: Synbiotic Drinks Combining Probiotics and Prebiotics
Taruna Sheoran, Mandeep Kumar, Navnidhi Chikkara and Namita Singh
Introduction
Fruits
Fruit Juices as a Probiotic Medium
Juice-Based Beverages
Prebiotics
Probiotics
Synbiotics
Conclusion
Future Prospects
References
2. Synbiotics: Production, Applications, and Health Promotion
Nidhi Gupta and Manjula Gautam
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Synbiotic Formulation
2.3 Applications
2.3.1 Dairy Products
2.3.2 Ice Cream
2.3.3 Petit-Suisse Cheese
2.3.4 Fermented Skimmed Milk
2.3.5 Chocolates
2.3.6 Candies
2.3.7 Antioxidants
2.3.8 Prebiotic Components
2.3.9 Synbiotic Components
2.3.10 Action Mechanism of Synbiotics
2.4 Synbiotics in the Prevention and Management of Chronic Illnesses
2.4.1 Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Diarrhea
2.4.2 Hypercholesterolemia
2.4.3 Diabetes
2.4.4 Dental Well-Being
2.4.5 Cancer
2.4.6 Overweight
2.4.7 Oxidative Stress and Lipid Oxidation
2.4.8 COVID-19 Infections
2.4.9 Respiratory Tract Infections
2.4.10 Helicobacter pylori Infection
2.4.11 Infant Health
2.5 Impact of Synbiotics on Health Promotion
2.6 Conclusion
2.7 Perspectives for the Future
References
3. Understanding the Role of Multi-Strain Probiotics in Improving Consumer Health
Samridhi Pushkarna, Kajal Gaba, Shruti Kharod, Parveen Malhotra, Amita Suneja Dang and Pooja Suneja
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mechanism of Action
3.2.1 Modulation of Gut Microbiota
3.2.2 Enhancement of the Intestinal Barrier Function
3.2.3 Immune System Modulation
3.3 Benefits of Multi-Strain Probiotics
3.3.1 Establishment/Restoration of a Balanced Microbiome
3.3.2 Broad Spectrum of Benefits
3.3.3 Tailored Formulations for Specific Health Conditions
3.4 Applications of Multi-Strain Probiotics
3.4.1 Treatment of Diseases
3.4.2 Improved Livestock Health and Productivity
3.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
4. Co-Encapsulated Synbiotics for Improved Human Health
Bharti Datten, Nikita Jangra and Pooja Gulati
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Co-Encapsulated Synbiotics
4.3 Carriers Used for Co-Encapsulation
4.3.1 Polysaccharides
4.3.2 Proteins
4.3.3 Lipids
4.3.4 Synthetic Polymers
4.4 Microencapsulation
4.4.1 Methods of Microencapsulation
4.4.1.1 Spray Drying
4.4.1.2 Freeze Drying
4.4.1.3 Emulsification
4.4.1.4 Ionic Gelation
4.4.2 Limitations of Microencapsulation
4.5 Nanoencapsulation
4.6 Encapsulated Synbiotics in Promoting Gut Health
4.7 Side Effects Associated with Encapsulated Synbiotics In Vivo
4.8 Concluding Remarks
References
5. Unveiling the Role of Synbiotics in Infant Well-Being
Parul Chugh, Swati Misra, Shailendra Raghuwanshi and Mahesh S. Dhar
Introduction
The Dynamic Duo: Probiotics and Prebiotics
Infant Gut Microbiota: A Foundation for Health
Synbiotics in Action: Mechanisms and Clinical Insights
Clinical Insights and Applications
Implementation in Infant Formulas and Complementary Feeding
Conclusion
Future Prospects
References
6. Probiotics and Chronic Diseases
Mrinali Hakim Kaul
Introduction
6.1 Chronic Diseases
6.2 Function of Gut Microbiota in Chronic Diseases
6.3 Probiotics
6.3.1 Selection Criteria
6.3.2 Mechanisms of Action
6.4 Probiotics in Chronic Diseases
6.4.1 Hypercholesterolemia
6.4.2 Type 2 Diabetes
6.4.3 Chronic Intestinal Conditions
6.4.3.1 Irritable Bowel Syndrome
6.4.3.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
6.4.3.3 Helicobacter pylori Infection
6.4.3.4 Diarrhea
6.4.4 Chronic Kidney Disease
6.4.5 Autoimmune Diseases
6.5 Future of Probiotics in Chronic Disease
6.6 Conclusion
References
7. Exploring the Connection Between Probiotics and Chronic Diseases
Kajal Gaba, Samridhi Pushkarna, Shruti Kharod, Parveen Malhotra, Pooja Suneja and Amita Suneja Dang
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mechanism of Action of Probiotics
7.2.1 Immune Modulation
7.2.2 Gut Barrier Function
7.2.3 Competitive Exclusion
7.2.4 Production of Bioactive Compounds
7.3 Probiotics in Chronic Diseases Management
7.3.1 Cardiovascular Disease (CVDs)
7.3.2 Obesity
7.3.3 Diabetes Mellitus
7.3.4 IBD
7.3.5 NAFLD
7.3.6 Cancer
7.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8. Probiotics and Chronic Disease: A Microbial Approach to Prevention and Management
Akriti Thakur, Sonia Morya and Arno Neumann
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Understanding Probiotics
8.1.2 Types of Probiotic Microorganisms and Their Associated Benefits
8.1.2.1 Genus Lactobacillus
8.1.2.2 Genus Bifidobacterium
8.1.2.3 Genus Saccharomyces
8.1.2.4 Genus Lactococcus
8.1.2.5 Genus Enterococcus
8.1.2.6 Bacillus
8.1.2.7 Escherichia
8.2 Chronic Diseases and Their Impact
8.2.1 CVD
8.2.2 Diabetes
8.2.3 Cancer
8.3 The Gut Microbiome and Chronic Diseases
8.3.1 Disease Link with the Microbiome
8.3.1.1 Infectious Illnesses
8.3.1.2 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
8.3.1.3 Being Overweight and Metabolic Disorder
8.3.1.4 Issues Related to Lungs
8.4 Probiotics and Other Living Microorganism Biotherapies
8.4.1 Probiotic as a Potential Therapeutic Approach
8.4.1.1 Gastrointestinal Disorders
8.4.1.2 Metabolic Disorders
8.4.1.3 Immune Function
8.4.1.4 Mental Health
8.5 Mechanism of Action of Probiotics
8.6 Clinical Studies and Results
8.7 Conclusion
References
9. Exploring the Triad: Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics in Promoting Bone Health
Lakhvinder Kaur
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Importance of Prebiotics and Probiotics
9.3 Prebiotics in Human Health
9.4 Probiotics in Human Health
9.5 Synbiotics in Human Health
9.6 Impact of Probiotics on Bone Health
9.7 The Role of Probiotics in Inflammatory Homeostasis
9.8 Studies Emphasizing the Importance of Probiotics for Bone Health
9.8.1 Case Studies
9.8.2 Case Studies: Human Research
9.9 The Relationship Between Prebiotics and Bone Health
9.9.1 Case Studies
9.10 Other Therapeutic Advantages of Prebiotics
9.11 Summary
Bibliography
10. Probiotics and Prebiotics in Oral Health
Anamika Chauhan and Simple Sharma
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Composition of Oral Microbiota
10.2.1 Bacteria
10.2.2 Fungi
10.2.3 Archaea
10.2.4 Viruses
10.3 Probiotics in Oral Health
10.3.1 Definition and Types of Probiotics
10.3.2 Mechanisms of Action of Oral Probiotics
10.3.3 Clinical Evidence Supporting the Use of Probiotics in Oral Health
10.4 Prebiotics in Oral Health
10.4.1 Definition and Types of Prebiotics
10.4.2 How Prebiotics Influence Oral Microbiota
10.4.3 Mode of Action
10.4.4 Clinical Studies on the Use of Prebiotics for Oral Health
10.5 Oral Conditions and Probiotics/Prebiotics
10.5.1 Dental Caries and Probiotics/Prebiotics
10.5.2 Periodontal Diseases and Probiotics/Prebiotics
10.5.3 Halitosis (Bad Breath) and Probiotics/Prebiotics
10.5.4 Oral Candidiasis and Probiotics/Prebiotics
10.5.5 Xerostomia (Dry Mouth) and Probiotics/Prebiotics
10.6 Prebiotics and Probiotics in Commercial Oral Health Products
10.7 Current Uses of Probiotics and Prebiotics
10.8 Safety and Regulations
10.8.1 Safety Concerns Related to Probiotics and Prebiotics
10.8.2 Regulatory Considerations for Probiotics and Prebiotics in Oral Health Products
10.8.2.1 For Probiotics
10.8.2.2 For Prebiotics
10.9 Implications of the Potential of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Promoting Oral Health
10.10 Conclusion
References
Abbreviations
11. Synbiotics and the Immune System
Mrinali Hakim Kaul
Introduction
11.1 Historical Overview
11.2 Gut Microbiome and Immunity
11.3 Synbiotics
11.3.1 Types of Synbiotics
11.3.2 Product Characterization
11.3.3 Synbiotic Designing — Challenges
11.4 Impact of Synbiotics on the Immune System
11.4.1 Effect on NK Cells
11.4.2 Effect on T Cells and B Cells
11.4.3 Other Immune Cells and Parameters
11.5 Role in Diseases
11.6 Future Directions
11.7 Conclusion
References
12. Probiotics and Prebiotics for the Immune System
Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Understanding Synbiotics
12.3 Safety Assessment of Probiotics
12.4 Toxicity Considerations of Prebiotics: An Overview of Prebiotic Safety
12.5 Interactions and Synergy in Synbiotics
12.6 Immunomodulatory Effects and Host Response
12.7 Long-Term Safety and Health Outcomes
12.8 Safety Considerations in Special Populations
12.9 Regulatory Landscape and Labeling Requirements
12.10 Conclusion
References
13. Synbiotics for Promoting Health
Ankita Sharma and Madhvi Awasthi
Introduction
13.1 Synbiotics and Hormonal Regulation
13.2 Synbiotics and Thyroid Function
13.3 Synbiotics and Immunity
13.4 Synbiotics and Renal Function
13.5 Synbiotics and Skeletal System
13.6 Synbiotic and Cardiovascular System
13.7 Synbiotic and Respiratory Tract
13.8 Synbiotic and Gastrointestinal Tract
13.9 Synbiotic and Liver
Conclusion
Bibliography
14. Synbiotics in Cytotoxicity
Shruti Kharod, Samridhi Pushkarna, Kajal Gaba, Anil Kumar, Pooja Suneja and Amita Suneja Dang
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Synbiotics
14.3 Mechanisms of Synbiotic-Mediated Cytotoxicity Modulation
14.3.1 Effects on Gut Microbiota Balance
14.3.2 Modulation of Immune Response
14.3.3 Bioactive Metabolites Production
14.3.4 Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Effects
14.4 Synbiotics and Cytotoxicity in Specific Disease States
14.4.1 Cancer
14.4.2 Gastrointestinal Disorders
14.4.3 Neurodegenerative Diseases
14.4.4 Other Conditions
14.5 Future Directions
14.5.1 Variability and Specificity of Strain
14.5.2 Limited Knowledge
14.5.3 Safety Issues and Risk Evaluation
14.5.4 Standardization and Regulation
14.5.5 Translational Challenges
14.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
15. Synbiotics—Safety and Toxicity Considerations
Manjula Gautam and Nidhi Gupta
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Safety Evaluation
15.3 Synbiotic Safety Measures
15.4 Regulatory Considerations
15.5 Safety Assessment of Probiotics
15.6 Safety Evaluation of Prebiotics
15.7 Toxicity Investigations of Synbiotics
15.8 Management of Chemotherapy-Related Symptoms with Synbiotic Therapy
15.9 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
References
Index
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