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Submit a ProposalHydrogen Energy Production and Fuel Generation
 | Edited by Inamuddin, Tariq Altalhi, Mohammad Luqman, and Jorddy Neves Cruz Copyright: 2025 | Expected Pub Date:2025// ISBN: 9781394248513 | Hardcover | 642 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
Invest in the future of the planet by delving into this comprehensive guide on hydrogen energy, a critical solution for sustainable power, and gain the knowledge to contribute to this revolutionary field.
Audience
Researchers, graduate students, and professionals in the field of energy production and sustainability.
Researchers, graduate students, and professionals in the field of energy production and sustainability.
Description
Hydrogen energy has emerged as one of the most promising solutions to the energy and environmental challenges of the 21st century. As we look for sustainable and clean alternatives to replace fossil fuels, hydrogen stands out not only for its abundance but also for its potential to revolutionize diverse sectors such as transport, industry, and energy generation. However, for this revolution to become a reality, a comprehensive and interdisciplinary understanding of the technologies and methods related to the production, storage, distribution, and utilization of hydrogen is essential. The subject of hydrogen energy production and fuel generation is closely linked to the broader goals of sustainability, energy transition, and climate change mitigation. The development of efficient and cost-effective methods to produce hydrogen from renewable sources, such as electrolysis powered by renewable electricity, contributes to the shift towards a green energy economy. Additionally, the integration of hydrogen with renewable energy systems enables the storage and utilization of intermittent renewable sources, enhancing the reliability and stability of the grid.
Hydrogen Energy Production and Fuel Generation encompasses principles and advancements in chemistry, physics, materials science, engineering, and environmental sciences. This interdisciplinary approach fosters collaboration and knowledge exchange, leading to breakthroughs in hydrogen production, storage, and utilization. In terms of industry development, the book addresses the growing demand for alternative energy sources in sectors such as transportation, industry, and power generation. As the world moves towards decarbonization and reducing reliance on fossil fuels, hydrogen has emerged as a promising solution due to its high energy density and potential for zero-emission operations. The book explores the practical applications of hydrogen energy, including fuel cell vehicles, hydrogen-powered industrial processes, and integrated energy systems. By addressing this comprehensive context, the book serves as a valuable resource for researchers, professionals, and policymakers seeking to understand and contribute to the advancement of this critical field.
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Hydrogen energy has emerged as one of the most promising solutions to the energy and environmental challenges of the 21st century. As we look for sustainable and clean alternatives to replace fossil fuels, hydrogen stands out not only for its abundance but also for its potential to revolutionize diverse sectors such as transport, industry, and energy generation. However, for this revolution to become a reality, a comprehensive and interdisciplinary understanding of the technologies and methods related to the production, storage, distribution, and utilization of hydrogen is essential. The subject of hydrogen energy production and fuel generation is closely linked to the broader goals of sustainability, energy transition, and climate change mitigation. The development of efficient and cost-effective methods to produce hydrogen from renewable sources, such as electrolysis powered by renewable electricity, contributes to the shift towards a green energy economy. Additionally, the integration of hydrogen with renewable energy systems enables the storage and utilization of intermittent renewable sources, enhancing the reliability and stability of the grid.
Hydrogen Energy Production and Fuel Generation encompasses principles and advancements in chemistry, physics, materials science, engineering, and environmental sciences. This interdisciplinary approach fosters collaboration and knowledge exchange, leading to breakthroughs in hydrogen production, storage, and utilization. In terms of industry development, the book addresses the growing demand for alternative energy sources in sectors such as transportation, industry, and power generation. As the world moves towards decarbonization and reducing reliance on fossil fuels, hydrogen has emerged as a promising solution due to its high energy density and potential for zero-emission operations. The book explores the practical applications of hydrogen energy, including fuel cell vehicles, hydrogen-powered industrial processes, and integrated energy systems. By addressing this comprehensive context, the book serves as a valuable resource for researchers, professionals, and policymakers seeking to understand and contribute to the advancement of this critical field.
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Author / Editor Details
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Department of Science and Technology, India, Fast-Track Young Scientist Award and Young Researcher of the Year Award 2020 from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published about 210 research articles in various international scientific journals, many book chapters, and dozens of edited books, many with Wiley-Scrivener.
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Department of Science and Technology, India, Fast-Track Young Scientist Award and Young Researcher of the Year Award 2020 from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published about 210 research articles in various international scientific journals, many book chapters, and dozens of edited books, many with Wiley-Scrivener.
Tariq Altalhi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his doctorate degree from University of Adelaide, Australia in the year 2014 with Dean's Commendation for Doctoral Thesis Excellence. He has worked as head of the Chemistry Department at Taif university and Vice Dean of Science College. In 2015, one of his works was nominated for Green Tech awards from Germany, Europe’s largest environmental and business prize, amongst top 10 entries. He has also co-edited a number of scientific books.
Mohammad Luqman, PhD, has more than 12 years of post-PhD experience in teaching, research, and administration. Currently, he is serving as an assistant professor of chemical engineering at Taibah University, Saudi Arabia. Moreover, he served as a post-doctoral fellow at Artificial Muscle Research Center, Konkuk University, South Korea, and he earned his PhD degree in the field of ionomers (Ion-containing Polymers), from Chosun University, South Korea. He has edited three books and published numerous scientific papers and book chapters. He is an editor for several journals, and he has been awarded several grants for academic research.
Jorddy Neves Cruz is a researcher at the Federal University of Pará and the Emilio Goeldi Museum. He has experience in multidisciplinary research in the areas of medicinal chemistry, drug design, extraction of bioactive compounds, extraction of essential oils, food chemistry and biological testing. He has published several research articles in scientific journals and is an associate editor of the Journal of Medicine.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Introduction to the Hydrogen Energy Production and Fuel Generation
Gazi Farhan Ishraque Toki and M. Khalid Hossain
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Hydrogen, Types, and Its Properties
1.3 Hydrogen Production Methods
1.3.1 Fossil Fuel Resources
1.3.1.1 Pyrolysis of Hydrocarbon
1.3.1.2 Reformation of Hydrocarbon
1.3.2 Renewable Sources
1.3.2.1 Water Splitting
1.3.2.2 Biomass Procedure
1.4 H2 Storage Approaches
1.4.1 Physical Storage Approaches
1.4.1.1 Compressed Approaches
1.4.1.2 Liquefied and Cryo-Compressed Approaches
1.4.2 Material-Based Storage Approaches
1.4.2.1 Physisorption Approaches
1.4.2.2 Chemisorption Approaches
1.4.3 Challenges of Storage
1.5 Transportation and Distribution of Hydrogen
1.5.1 Road Transport System
1.5.2 Pipeline System
1.5.3 Ocean Transport
1.5.4 Distribution
1.6 Applications of Hydrogen Fuel
1.6.1 Fuel Cells
1.6.1.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
1.6.1.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
1.6.2 Hydrogen Combustion
1.6.3 Hydrogen in Industrial Processes
1.7 Future Outlook and Challenges
1.7.1 Current Trends and Market Developments
1.7.2 Research and Innovation Opportunities
1.7.3 Overcoming Technical and Economic Challenges
1.8 Conclusion
References
2. Solar-Driven Water Splitting for Hydrogen Production
Leena V. Bora, Ritul Tiwari, Ananya Singh and Nisha V. Bora
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Water Splitting Techniques Driven by Solar Energy
2.2.1 Photo-Electrochemical Process (PEC)
2.2.2 Photocatalysis (PC)
2.2.3 Photo-Thermal Catalysis (PTC)
2.2.4 Photovoltaic-Electrochemical Process (PV-EC)
2.2.4.1 Photo-Thermochemical Process (PT)
2.2.5 Photobiological Process
2.2.6 Pyroelectric Devices
2.3 Recent Advancements
2.3.1 Carbon Nitride (C3N4)
2.3.2 Metal Organic Frameworks
2.3.3 Photocatalysts
2.4 Market Perspective and Demand
2.5 Challenges
2.6 Conclusions
References
3. Advances in Catalysts and Materials for Hydrogen Production
Adriana Marizcal-Barba, Karina Nava-Andrade, Suresh Ghotekar, Mamoun Fellah and Alejandro Pérez-Larios
Introduction
The Importance of Catalysts and Materials in Hydrogen Production
Fundamentals of Hydrogen Production
Basic Principles of Hydrogen Production
Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)
Partial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons
Coal Gasification
Water Electrolysis
Photochemical Water Splitting
Biological Hydrogen Production
Catalysts in Hydrogen Production
Catalysts in Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)
Mechanism
Catalysts in Coal Gasification
Electrolysis and Catalysts
Photochemical Water Splitting
Biological Hydrogen Production
Catalyst Degradation and Regeneration
Advances in Electrolysis Catalysts
Recent Advancements in Catalyst Materials
Impact on Efficiency
Impact on Sustainability
Innovations in Photoelectrochemical Catalysts
Photocatalytic Water-Splitting Developments
Fundaments of Photocatalytic Water Splitting
Recent Advancements in Photocatalytic Materials
Photocatalyst Design for Enhanced Efficiency
Efficiency Metrics and Challenges
Biological Methods for Hydrogen Production
Biological Hydrogen Production Methods
Advances in Biocatalysts
Genetic Engineering for Enhanced Hydrogen Production
Environmental Implications and Potential
Challenges and Future Directions
Economic and Environmental Considerations in Hydrogen Production: Cost Analysis, Impact Assessments, and Future Market Trends
Cost Analysis of Hydrogen Production
Environmental Impact and Life Cycle Assessment
Advances in Reducing Environmental Impact
Future Trends in the Hydrogen Market and Policy
Challenges and Future Directions
Conclusion and Future Directions
References
4. Dark Fermentation: The Path to an Economically and Environmentally Viable Energy Source
Ballesteros-Lopez, M.E., Rodríguez-Villa, A.G., Cruz-Salas, A.A., Alvarez-Zeferino J.C., Galicia-Piedra, M.L. and Hernández-Soriano, A.I.
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Dark Fermentation (DF)
4.2.1 Dark Fermentation Parameters
4.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
4.3 Energy Comparison of BioH2 with Other Energy Sources
4.4 Perspectives
4.4.1 Existing Applications
4.4.1.1 Energy and Transportation Industry
4.4.1.2 Pharmaceutical Chemical Industry
4.4.1.3 Oil Industry
4.4.1.4 Metallurgical Industry
4.4.1.5 Agricultural Industry
4.4.2 Challenges and Opportunities
4.5 Final Comments
References
5. Metal Hydrides for Hydrogen Storage
Urwa Muaaz, Syed Ali Raza Naqvi, Tauqir A. Sherazi, Sadaf Ul Hassan, Naseem Abbas, Mazhar Hussain, Muhammad Rehan Hasan ShahGilani, Mahreen Imam and Aisha Yasin
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Metal Hydrides
5.3 Classes of Metal Hydrides
5.3.1 Bonding in Metal Hydrides
5.3.2 Binary Hydrides
5.3.2.1 MgH2
5.3.3 Intermetallic Hydrides
5.3.3.1 TiFe
5.3.4 Complex Metal Hydrides
5.3.4.1 NaAlH4
5.4 Techniques that Generate Nanoscale or Nanocrystalline Metal Hydrides
5.4.1 Techniques for Examining Composition and Storing Features
5.4.2 Transmission of Electron Microscopy
5.4.3 Neutron and X-Ray Strategies
5.4.4 Vibrational Spectroscopy
5.4.5 Structure of Cost Analysis
5.5 Morphological Effects on the Characteristics of Hydrogen Storage
5.5.1 Free-Standing Nanoparticles
5.5.2 Thin Films
5.5.3 Nanoconfinement
5.5.4 Nanoconfined Metal Hydrides
5.5.5 The Impact of Catalysis and Nanoconfinement
5.5.6 Additives and Catalysts for the Hydrogen Uptake and Ablation
5.5.7 Top of Form
5.6 Hydrogen Storage Tank
5.6.1 Tank Design for Hydrogen Storage
5.6.2 Principle of Operation
5.7 Comparison between H2 Storage Alternatives
5.8 Material Properties and Application Requirements
5.8.1 Material Properties
5.8.2 Application Requirements
5.8.3 Stationary Applications
5.8.4 Mobile Applications
References
6. Solid-State Hydrogen Storage Materials
K.R. Hariprasath, M. Priyadharshini, P. Balaji and T. Pazhanivel
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Hydrogen as Fuel
6.2.1 Clean Energy Carrier
6.2.2 Hydrogen Storage Materials
6.2.3 Fuel for Fuel Cells
6.2.4 Fuel for Combustion Engines
6.2.5 Transportation
6.2.6 Stationary Power Generation
6.2.7 Decentralized Energy Systems
6.2.8 Long-Range Transportation
6.2.9 Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions
6.2.10 Challenges and Ongoing Research
6.3 Hydrogen Storage Techniques
6.3.1 Physical Adsorption (Physisorption)
6.3.2 Chemisorption
6.3.3 Hybrid Storage Systems
6.3.4 Clathrate Hydrates
6.3.5 Nanostructuring
6.3.6 Functionalization
6.3.7 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
6.3.8 Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA)
6.4 Physically Bound Hydrogen Storage
6.4.1 Material Classes
6.4.2 Adsorption Mechanism
6.4.3 Temperature and Pressure Conditions
6.4.4 Adsorption Isotherms
6.4.5 Kinetics of Adsorption and Desorption
6.4.6 Surface Area and Pore Size Distribution
6.4.7 Challenges and Future Directions
6.5 Chemically Bound Hydrogen Storage
6.5.1 Material Classes
6.5.2 Chemical Reaction for Hydrogen Storage
6.5.3 Temperature and Pressure Conditions
6.5.4 Reversibility
6.5.5 Kinetics of Absorption and Desorption
6.5.6 Challenges and Future Directions
6.5.7 Applications
6.6 Carbonaceous Materials for Hydrogen Storage
6.6.1 Activated Carbons
6.6.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
6.6.3 Graphene
6.6.4 Carbon Aerogels
6.6.5 Hybrid Carbon-Based Materials
6.7 Non-Carbonaceous Materials for Hydrogen Storage
6.7.1 Metal Hydrides
6.7.2 Complex Metal Hydrides
6.7.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
6.7.4 Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
6.7.5 Hydride Clathrates
6.7.6 Nitrides
6.7.7 Silicon-Based Materials
6.7.8 Amides and Imides
6.7.9 Metal Borohydrides
6.8 The Adsorption Models for Hydrogen Storage
6.8.1 Langmuir Adsorption Model
6.8.2 BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) Adsorption Model
6.8.3 Toth Adsorption Model
6.8.4 Dubinin-Astakhov Adsorption Model
6.8.5 Sips Adsorption Model
6.9 Application for Energy Storage and Conversion
6.9.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cells
6.9.2 Portable Power Systems
6.9.3 Backup Power for Renewable Energy Systems
6.9.4 Hybrid Energy Systems
6.9.5 Grid-Scale Energy Storage
6.9.6 Transportation Sector
6.9.7 Aerospace and Aviation
6.9.8 Remote and Off-Grid Power Generation
6.9.9 Energy Storage for Renewable Hydrogen Production
6.9.10 Residential and Industrial Energy Storage
6.10 Challenges and Future Prospects
6.10.1 Challenges
6.10.1.1 Hydrogen Storage Capacity
6.10.1.2 Kinetics of Adsorption/Desorption
6.10.1.3 Operating Temperatures and Pressures
6.10.1.4 Thermodynamic Stability
6.10.1.5 Cost and Scalability
6.10.1.6 Material Availability and Toxicity
6.10.2 Future Prospects
6.10.2.1 Advanced Nanomaterials
6.10.2.2 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
6.10.2.3 Hybrid Materials
6.10.2.4 Catalysis for Kinetics Improvement
6.10.2.5 Machine Learning and Computational Modeling
6.10.2.6 Integration with Other Technologies
6.10.2.7 Standardization and Certification
6.11 Conclusion
References
7. Nanomaterials for Hydrogen Storage
Aisha Yasin, Syed Ali Raza Naqvi, Tauqir A. Sherazi, Sadaf Ul Hassan, Muhammad Ramzan Saeed Ashraf Janjua, Muhammad Rehan Hasan Shah Gilani, Naseem Abbas, Mazhar Hussain and Urwa Muaaz
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Hydrogen Storage
7.2.1 Thermodynamic Principles Governing Hydrogen Absorption/Desorption
7.2.2 Kinetic Factors Affecting Hydrogen Uptake and Release
7.2.3 Improvement of Kinetics by Nanoengineering for Hydrogen Storage Materials
7.2.3.1 Ball Milling - Mechanical Attrition
7.2.3.2 Nanoscaffold Confinement
7.2.4 Strategies for Optimizing Thermodynamics and Kinetics Using Nanomaterials
7.3 Strategies for Enhanced Hydrogen Storage Capacity
7.3.1 Kubas Interaction
7.3.2 Spillover Effect
7.3.3 Functionalization
7.4 Nanostructuring
7.4.1 Development in Nanomaterial
7.4.2 Characterization Techniques
7.4.3 Manometric Technique
7.4.4 Gravimetric Technique
7.4.5 Electrochemical Methods
7.5 Methods for Hydrogen Storage
7.5.1 Compressed Hydrogen
7.5.2 Liquid Hydrogen
7.5.3 Solid-State H2 Storage
7.6 Carbon Nanomaterials
7.6.1 Carbon Nanotubes
7.6.2 Graphene
7.6.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks with Carbon Nanomaterials
7.6.4 Silicon Carbide Nanotubes
7.6.5 Carbon Nanoscrolls
7.6.6 Pillared Graphene
7.6.7 Porous Nanotube Network
7.7 Nano-Objects with a Composite Architecture
7.7.1 Core-Shell Nanoparticles
7.7.2 Thin Films Decorated with Nanoparticles
7.7.3 Composite Nanoparticles
7.7.4 Nanoconfined Hydrides in Porous Scaffolds and Graphene-Based Materials
7.7.5 Nano-LiBH4 + Nano-MgH2 System
7.7.5.1 Mechanism
7.7.6 DyMn2O5/Ba3Mn2O8 Nanocomposite
7.8 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
7.8.1 Transition Metal Nanoparticles—Palladium and Nickel—Enhanced Storage Capacity
7.8.2 Magnesium-Based Nanoparticles - High Theoretical Capacity
7.8.3 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles—Titanium and Iron Oxides—Catalytic Effects
7.8.4 Pd-Based Nanomaterials
7.9 Metal Hydride Nanoparticles
7.9.1 Sodium Alanate Nanoparticles - Kinetics and Thermodynamics
7.9.2 Lithium Borohydride Nanoparticles - Synthesis and Cycling Stability
7.9.3 Calcium Borohydride Nanoparticles - Structure and Dehydrogenation
7.9.4 Magnesium Hydride (MgH2)
7.9.5 LiBH4 as Onboard Hydrogen Storage
7.10 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
8. Carbon-Based Materials for Hydrogen Storage
Ahmad Hussain, Nawishta Jabeen, Tafheem ul Haq and Masooma Zahra
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Hydrogen as a Green Energy System
8.3 Hydrogen Storage Carbon-Based Materials
8.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
8.3.2 Graphene
8.3.3 Activated Carbon
8.4 Mechanism of Hydrogen Adsorption
8.4.1 Physisorption
8.4.2 Adsorption and Desorption Process
8.4.3 Thermodynamic of Hydrogen Storage
8.5 Factors Affecting the Hydrogen Storage on Carbon-Based Materials
8.5.1 Temperature and Pressure Effect
8.5.2 Impurities and Contaminants
8.5.3 Aging and Stability
8.6 Hydrogen for Energy Application
8.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives
8.8 Conclusion
References
9. Composite Materials for Hydrogen Storage
Serkan Baslayici, Mehmet Bugdayci, Ozan Coban and Candeniz Uysal
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Importance of Hydrogen for Energy Storage
9.3 Hydrogen Storage Methods
9.3.1 Physical Storage Methods
9.3.2 Chemical Storage Methods
9.3.3 Absorption and Desorption Storage Methods
9.3.4 Molecular Storage Methods
9.4 The Role of Composite Materials in Hydrogen Storage
9.5 Design and Structure of Composite Materials
9.5.1 Material Selection
9.5.2 Design of Composite Structure
9.5.3 Synthesis and Production Methods
9.5.4 Sustainable Design and Production
9.6 Hydrogen Storage Performance and Analysis
9.6.1 Hydrogen Storage Capacity
9.6.2 Desorption and Absorption Rate
9.6.3 Cycle Stability
9.6.4 Working Pressure and Temperature
9.6.5 Energy Density
9.6.6 Safety
9.6.7 Environmental Impacts
References
10. Properties and Characteristics of Hydrogen
Vyacheslav S. Protsenko and Alexander B. Velichenko
10.1 Short History of Discovery and Utilization of Hydrogen
10.2 Occurrence of Hydrogen in Nature
10.3 Hydrogen Atom
10.4 Hydrogen Molecule
10.5 Parahydrogen and Orthohydrogen
10.6 Hydrogen Isotopes
10.7 Physical Properties of Hydrogen
10.8 Chemical and Electrochemical Properties of Hydrogen
10.9 Different Colors of Hydrogen
10.10 Conclusions
References
11. Technological Innovations and Research Frontiers in Hydrogen Energy
Charles Rashama, Clemence Kudakwashe Simende and Wilfred Chipangura
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Innovations in Hydrogen Production Technologies
11.3 Innovations in Hydrogen’s Energy Applications
11.3.1 Ammonia and Biomethanol Production
11.3.2 Oil Refining
11.3.3 Hydrogen Use in Fuel Cells
11.3.4 Shipping
11.3.5 Short-Haul Air Travel
11.3.6 Integration with Other Energy Systems
11.4 Research in Hydrogen Energy
11.4.1 Current Innovations and Research
11.4.2 The Future of Hydrogen Energy Innovation and Research
11.4.2.1 Alternative Sources and Production Technologies
11.4.2.2 Research Needs for Hydrogen Storage
11.4.2.3 Fuel Cells and Novel Fuel Cell Materials
11.5 Future Perspectives on Hydrogen Energy
Acknowledgments
References
12. Organic Hydrides for Hydrogen Storage
Melkamu Biyana Regasa and Shibiru Yadeta Ejeta
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Importance and Sources of Hydrogen
12.3 Importance of Hydrogen Energy
12.4 Methods for Clean Hydrogen Production
12.5 Methods of Storing Hydrogen Energy
12.5.1 Physical Storage
12.5.2 Chemical Storage
12.6 Organic Hydrides
12.7 Requirements for Hydrogen Chemical Storage
12.8 Application of Organic Hydrides in Hydrogen Storage
12.8.1 Mechanisms of Hydrogen Storage by Organic Hydrides
12.8.2 Liquid State Organic Hydrides
12.8.3 Solid-State Organic Hydrides
12.8.4 Metal-Organic Hydrides for the Storage of Hydrogen
12.9 Comparison of Organic Hydrides and Metal-Organic Hydrides
12.10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
13. Microbial Electrolysis for Hydrogen Generation
Figen Balo and Lutfu S. Sua
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Design of Microbial Electrolysis Cells
13.2.1 Cathode
13.2.2 Anode
13.2.3 Membrane
13.2.4 Microorganism
13.2.5 Substrate
13.3 AHP Analysis
13.4 Conclusions
References
14. Hydrogen in Power Generation: Fuel Cells and Combustion
Muthudineshkumar Ramaswamy, Vinoth Thangarasu, C. Ponmurugan Muthusamy, S. Jaisankar, T. Balamurugan, K. Manoj Prabhakar, Santhoshkumar and Gnana Sagaya Raj
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Hydrogen Utilization in the Power Generation Sector
14.3 Hydrogen Utilization in Transportation Sector
14.4 Conclusions and Future Research Outlook
References
15. Thermophilic Bacteria for Biohydrogen Production
Chun Yuan Tan and Adeline Su Yien Ting
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Diversity of Thermophilic Bio-H2 Producers
15.2.1 Thermotoga sp.
15.2.2 Caldicellulosiruptor sp.
15.2.3 Thermoanaerobacter sp.
15.2.4 Clostridium thermocellum
15.2.5 Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius
15.3 Significance of Thermophilic Isolates in Bio-H2 Production
15.3.1 Bio-H2 Production Pathways for Thermophiles
15.3.2 Influence of High Temperature on Bio-H2 Production
15.3.2.1 Thermodynamic Shifts Toward High Bio-H2 Yield
15.3.2.2 Reduction of Microbial Contamination
15.3.3 Complex Organic Wastes as Feedstock
15.3.3.1 Agricultural Waste
15.3.3.2 Manure
15.3.3.3 Industrial Waste
15.4 Processing Conditions and Technological Advances that Influence Bio-H2 Yield
15.4.1 pH of Fermentation Media
15.4.2 Concentration of Specific Gasses in the Headspace
15.4.2.1 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
15.4.2.2 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
15.4.2.3 Hydrogen (H2)
15.4.3 Metal Ions and Metal Nanoparticles (mNPs)
15.4.4 Immobilization Technology
15.5 Conclusion
References
16. Economic Viability and Market Potential of Hydrogen Energy
Muthudineshkumar Ramaswamy, S. Jaisankar, R. Karthikeyan, P. Arunachalam, P. Rajasekaran, Vinoth Thangarasu, C. Ponmurugan Muthusamy and K. Sobha
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Hydrogen Energy Overview
16.1.2 Hydrogen Production, Delivery, and Storage
16.1.3 Chemistry of Fuel Cells
16.2 Hydrogen Energy and Transition of Fuel Cell
16.3 Economic and Environmental Impacts
16.3.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
16.3.2 Economic Impacts
16.4 Future Scope
16.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
17. Methods for Hydrogen Energy Production and Fuel Generation
Mukilarasan Nedunchezhiyan, Ravikumar Jayabal, Sathiyamoorthy Ramalingam and Jayabalan Chelladurai
17.1 An Overview of Massive Amounts of Hydrogen Production
17.1.1 Hydrogen Production Methods
17.1.2 Renewable Energy Sources
17.1.2.1 Solar Energy
17.1.2.2 Wind Power
17.1.2.3 Agricultural Resources
17.1.2.4 Waste-to-Energy
17.1.2.5 Advanced Technologies of the Future
17.1.3 Storage of Hydrogen
17.1.4 Hydrogen Distribution and Transportation
17.2 Fuel Cell
17.3 Hydrogen as a Fuel
17.3.1 Hydrogen Blending with Natural Gas
17.3.2 Combustion Properties of Hydrogen Fuel
17.3.2.1 Clean Combustion
17.3.2.2 High Energy Content
17.3.2.3 Fast Flame Speed
17.3.2.4 Wide Flammability Range
17.3.2.5 High Flame Temperature
17.3.2.6 Hydrogen Flame Characteristics
17.4 Environmental Impact of Hydrogen Fuel
17.4.1 Green and Gray Blue Hydrogen
17.4.2 Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
17.4.3 Emission During Production
17.4.4 Material and Resources
17.5 Conclusion
References
18. Infrastructure and Distribution Challenges for Hydrogen Energy
Vimalananth V. T., Gnanamoorthi V., Jayabalan C., Muthudineshkumar Ramaswamy, N. Mukilarasan and P. Prasannaa
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Hydrogen Energy Overview
18.2.1 Production Methods
18.2.2 Applications and Uses
18.2.3 Environmental Benefits
18.3 Infrastructure Challenges on Hydrogen Energy
18.3.1 Production Infrastructure
18.3.2 Storage Infrastructure
18.3.3 Safety Considerations
18.3.4 Transportation Infrastructure
18.3.4.1 Pipelines
18.3.4.2 Hydrogen Trucks and Rail Transport
18.4 Distribution Challenges
18.4.1 Localized Distribution
18.4.2 Global Distribution
18.5 Technological Hurdles
18.5.1 Infrastructure Compatibility
18.5.2 Technological Innovation
18.6 Regulatory and Policy Challenges
18.7 Future Outlook
18.7.1 India’s Outlook
18.7.2 Global Outlook
18.7.3 Challenges and Solutions
18.7.4 Technological Advancements
18.8 Conclusion
References
19. Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs)
Devaraj Naik Bukke, Muthudineshkumar Ramaswamy, Vinoth Thangarasu and Santhoshkumar Annamalai
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 History of LOHCs
19.2 Concepts and Development
19.3 Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation Processes
19.3.1 Demonstration Projects and Industry Engagement
19.3.2 Global Collaboration and Standardization
19.3.3 Commercialization and Future Prospects
19.4 Advantages of LOHCs
19.5 Disadvantages of LOHCs
19.6 Safety Issues in Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers
19.7 Application of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs)
19.8 Conclusions
References
20. Grid-Scale Hydrogen Energy Systems Projects and Implementation
Chinmay Deheri, Binayak Pattanayak, Abinash Mahapatro and Saroj Kumar Acharya
Nomenclature
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Production Methods
20.1.2 Storage and Transportation
20.1.3 Integration with the Grid
20.1.4 Economic Consideration and Policy Regulations of Hydrogen as Renewable Fuel
20.2 Different Applications of Hydrogen in the Energy Sector
20.2.1 Energy Storage
20.2.1.1 Energy Storage from Medium to Long-Range Applications
20.2.2 Transportation
20.3 Green Hydrogen Production
20.3.1 Electrolysis
20.3.2 Hydrogen Collection and Compression
20.3.3 Hydrogen Storage
20.4 Re-Electrification of Hydrogen Energy
20.4.1 Concept of Fuel Cell
20.5 Projects and Implementation
20.5.1 Green Hydrogen Microgrid Projects at Simhadri
20.5.2 Hydrogen Energy Storage in Grid-Scale: A Cost-Benefit and Techno-Economic Analysis for Sweden
20.5.3 Hydrogen Energy Storage: Grid and Transportation Services
20.5.4 HTWO – Hydrogen for Humanity
20.5.4.1 HTWO – Hydrogen for Humanity
20.5.4.2 Fuel Cell System – Beyond Automobile
20.6 Conclusion
References
21. Hydrogen in Industrial Processes
Guocai Tian
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Preparation, Storage, and Transportation of Hydrogen
21.2.1 Properties and Classification of Hydrogen
21.2.2 Hydrogen Production
21.2.3 Hydrogen Storage
21.2.4 Transportation of Hydrogen
21.3 The Application of Hydrogen in the Metallurgical Industry
21.3.1 Hydrogen-Rich Smelting Technology for Blast Furnace
21.3.1.1 COURSE50 Low-Carbon Ironmaking Technology
21.3.1.2 German ThyssenKrupp Hydrogen Ironmaking Technology
21.3.1.3 3R Low-Carbon Blast Furnace by MCC CISDI
21.3.1.4 HyCROF Low-Carbon Metallurgical Project
21.3.2 Hydrogen-Based Direct Reduction
21.3.2.1 Direct Reduction Ironmaking Process with Gas-Based Shaft Furnace
21.3.2.2 Gas-Based Fluidized Bed DRI Process
21.3.3 Hydrogen-Based Smelting Reduction
21.3.3.1 Bottom-Blown Hydrogen Smelting Reduction Process
21.3.3.2 Side-Blown Hydrogen Smelting Reduction Process
21.3.3.3 CISP Hydrogen-Rich Smelting Reduction Process
21.3.4 Research Progress of Hydrogen Metallurgy for Nonferrous Metals
21.3.5 Problems in the Hydrogen Metallurgy
21.4 Hydrogen Application in the Petroleum and Chemical Industry
21.4.1 Synthetic Ammonia and Its Derivative Chemicals
21.4.2 Methanol and Its Derivatives
21.4.3 Modern Coal Chemical Industry
21.4.4 Application of Hydrogen in the Petrochemical Industry
21.5 Main Constraints of Large-Scale Industrial Application of Green Hydrogen
21.6 Future Path and Strategy of Green Hydrogen in the Industrial Field
Acknowledgment
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Introduction to the Hydrogen Energy Production and Fuel Generation
Gazi Farhan Ishraque Toki and M. Khalid Hossain
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Hydrogen, Types, and Its Properties
1.3 Hydrogen Production Methods
1.3.1 Fossil Fuel Resources
1.3.1.1 Pyrolysis of Hydrocarbon
1.3.1.2 Reformation of Hydrocarbon
1.3.2 Renewable Sources
1.3.2.1 Water Splitting
1.3.2.2 Biomass Procedure
1.4 H2 Storage Approaches
1.4.1 Physical Storage Approaches
1.4.1.1 Compressed Approaches
1.4.1.2 Liquefied and Cryo-Compressed Approaches
1.4.2 Material-Based Storage Approaches
1.4.2.1 Physisorption Approaches
1.4.2.2 Chemisorption Approaches
1.4.3 Challenges of Storage
1.5 Transportation and Distribution of Hydrogen
1.5.1 Road Transport System
1.5.2 Pipeline System
1.5.3 Ocean Transport
1.5.4 Distribution
1.6 Applications of Hydrogen Fuel
1.6.1 Fuel Cells
1.6.1.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
1.6.1.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
1.6.2 Hydrogen Combustion
1.6.3 Hydrogen in Industrial Processes
1.7 Future Outlook and Challenges
1.7.1 Current Trends and Market Developments
1.7.2 Research and Innovation Opportunities
1.7.3 Overcoming Technical and Economic Challenges
1.8 Conclusion
References
2. Solar-Driven Water Splitting for Hydrogen Production
Leena V. Bora, Ritul Tiwari, Ananya Singh and Nisha V. Bora
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Water Splitting Techniques Driven by Solar Energy
2.2.1 Photo-Electrochemical Process (PEC)
2.2.2 Photocatalysis (PC)
2.2.3 Photo-Thermal Catalysis (PTC)
2.2.4 Photovoltaic-Electrochemical Process (PV-EC)
2.2.4.1 Photo-Thermochemical Process (PT)
2.2.5 Photobiological Process
2.2.6 Pyroelectric Devices
2.3 Recent Advancements
2.3.1 Carbon Nitride (C3N4)
2.3.2 Metal Organic Frameworks
2.3.3 Photocatalysts
2.4 Market Perspective and Demand
2.5 Challenges
2.6 Conclusions
References
3. Advances in Catalysts and Materials for Hydrogen Production
Adriana Marizcal-Barba, Karina Nava-Andrade, Suresh Ghotekar, Mamoun Fellah and Alejandro Pérez-Larios
Introduction
The Importance of Catalysts and Materials in Hydrogen Production
Fundamentals of Hydrogen Production
Basic Principles of Hydrogen Production
Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)
Partial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons
Coal Gasification
Water Electrolysis
Photochemical Water Splitting
Biological Hydrogen Production
Catalysts in Hydrogen Production
Catalysts in Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)
Mechanism
Catalysts in Coal Gasification
Electrolysis and Catalysts
Photochemical Water Splitting
Biological Hydrogen Production
Catalyst Degradation and Regeneration
Advances in Electrolysis Catalysts
Recent Advancements in Catalyst Materials
Impact on Efficiency
Impact on Sustainability
Innovations in Photoelectrochemical Catalysts
Photocatalytic Water-Splitting Developments
Fundaments of Photocatalytic Water Splitting
Recent Advancements in Photocatalytic Materials
Photocatalyst Design for Enhanced Efficiency
Efficiency Metrics and Challenges
Biological Methods for Hydrogen Production
Biological Hydrogen Production Methods
Advances in Biocatalysts
Genetic Engineering for Enhanced Hydrogen Production
Environmental Implications and Potential
Challenges and Future Directions
Economic and Environmental Considerations in Hydrogen Production: Cost Analysis, Impact Assessments, and Future Market Trends
Cost Analysis of Hydrogen Production
Environmental Impact and Life Cycle Assessment
Advances in Reducing Environmental Impact
Future Trends in the Hydrogen Market and Policy
Challenges and Future Directions
Conclusion and Future Directions
References
4. Dark Fermentation: The Path to an Economically and Environmentally Viable Energy Source
Ballesteros-Lopez, M.E., Rodríguez-Villa, A.G., Cruz-Salas, A.A., Alvarez-Zeferino J.C., Galicia-Piedra, M.L. and Hernández-Soriano, A.I.
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Dark Fermentation (DF)
4.2.1 Dark Fermentation Parameters
4.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
4.3 Energy Comparison of BioH2 with Other Energy Sources
4.4 Perspectives
4.4.1 Existing Applications
4.4.1.1 Energy and Transportation Industry
4.4.1.2 Pharmaceutical Chemical Industry
4.4.1.3 Oil Industry
4.4.1.4 Metallurgical Industry
4.4.1.5 Agricultural Industry
4.4.2 Challenges and Opportunities
4.5 Final Comments
References
5. Metal Hydrides for Hydrogen Storage
Urwa Muaaz, Syed Ali Raza Naqvi, Tauqir A. Sherazi, Sadaf Ul Hassan, Naseem Abbas, Mazhar Hussain, Muhammad Rehan Hasan ShahGilani, Mahreen Imam and Aisha Yasin
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Metal Hydrides
5.3 Classes of Metal Hydrides
5.3.1 Bonding in Metal Hydrides
5.3.2 Binary Hydrides
5.3.2.1 MgH2
5.3.3 Intermetallic Hydrides
5.3.3.1 TiFe
5.3.4 Complex Metal Hydrides
5.3.4.1 NaAlH4
5.4 Techniques that Generate Nanoscale or Nanocrystalline Metal Hydrides
5.4.1 Techniques for Examining Composition and Storing Features
5.4.2 Transmission of Electron Microscopy
5.4.3 Neutron and X-Ray Strategies
5.4.4 Vibrational Spectroscopy
5.4.5 Structure of Cost Analysis
5.5 Morphological Effects on the Characteristics of Hydrogen Storage
5.5.1 Free-Standing Nanoparticles
5.5.2 Thin Films
5.5.3 Nanoconfinement
5.5.4 Nanoconfined Metal Hydrides
5.5.5 The Impact of Catalysis and Nanoconfinement
5.5.6 Additives and Catalysts for the Hydrogen Uptake and Ablation
5.5.7 Top of Form
5.6 Hydrogen Storage Tank
5.6.1 Tank Design for Hydrogen Storage
5.6.2 Principle of Operation
5.7 Comparison between H2 Storage Alternatives
5.8 Material Properties and Application Requirements
5.8.1 Material Properties
5.8.2 Application Requirements
5.8.3 Stationary Applications
5.8.4 Mobile Applications
References
6. Solid-State Hydrogen Storage Materials
K.R. Hariprasath, M. Priyadharshini, P. Balaji and T. Pazhanivel
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Hydrogen as Fuel
6.2.1 Clean Energy Carrier
6.2.2 Hydrogen Storage Materials
6.2.3 Fuel for Fuel Cells
6.2.4 Fuel for Combustion Engines
6.2.5 Transportation
6.2.6 Stationary Power Generation
6.2.7 Decentralized Energy Systems
6.2.8 Long-Range Transportation
6.2.9 Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions
6.2.10 Challenges and Ongoing Research
6.3 Hydrogen Storage Techniques
6.3.1 Physical Adsorption (Physisorption)
6.3.2 Chemisorption
6.3.3 Hybrid Storage Systems
6.3.4 Clathrate Hydrates
6.3.5 Nanostructuring
6.3.6 Functionalization
6.3.7 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
6.3.8 Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA)
6.4 Physically Bound Hydrogen Storage
6.4.1 Material Classes
6.4.2 Adsorption Mechanism
6.4.3 Temperature and Pressure Conditions
6.4.4 Adsorption Isotherms
6.4.5 Kinetics of Adsorption and Desorption
6.4.6 Surface Area and Pore Size Distribution
6.4.7 Challenges and Future Directions
6.5 Chemically Bound Hydrogen Storage
6.5.1 Material Classes
6.5.2 Chemical Reaction for Hydrogen Storage
6.5.3 Temperature and Pressure Conditions
6.5.4 Reversibility
6.5.5 Kinetics of Absorption and Desorption
6.5.6 Challenges and Future Directions
6.5.7 Applications
6.6 Carbonaceous Materials for Hydrogen Storage
6.6.1 Activated Carbons
6.6.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
6.6.3 Graphene
6.6.4 Carbon Aerogels
6.6.5 Hybrid Carbon-Based Materials
6.7 Non-Carbonaceous Materials for Hydrogen Storage
6.7.1 Metal Hydrides
6.7.2 Complex Metal Hydrides
6.7.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
6.7.4 Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
6.7.5 Hydride Clathrates
6.7.6 Nitrides
6.7.7 Silicon-Based Materials
6.7.8 Amides and Imides
6.7.9 Metal Borohydrides
6.8 The Adsorption Models for Hydrogen Storage
6.8.1 Langmuir Adsorption Model
6.8.2 BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) Adsorption Model
6.8.3 Toth Adsorption Model
6.8.4 Dubinin-Astakhov Adsorption Model
6.8.5 Sips Adsorption Model
6.9 Application for Energy Storage and Conversion
6.9.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cells
6.9.2 Portable Power Systems
6.9.3 Backup Power for Renewable Energy Systems
6.9.4 Hybrid Energy Systems
6.9.5 Grid-Scale Energy Storage
6.9.6 Transportation Sector
6.9.7 Aerospace and Aviation
6.9.8 Remote and Off-Grid Power Generation
6.9.9 Energy Storage for Renewable Hydrogen Production
6.9.10 Residential and Industrial Energy Storage
6.10 Challenges and Future Prospects
6.10.1 Challenges
6.10.1.1 Hydrogen Storage Capacity
6.10.1.2 Kinetics of Adsorption/Desorption
6.10.1.3 Operating Temperatures and Pressures
6.10.1.4 Thermodynamic Stability
6.10.1.5 Cost and Scalability
6.10.1.6 Material Availability and Toxicity
6.10.2 Future Prospects
6.10.2.1 Advanced Nanomaterials
6.10.2.2 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
6.10.2.3 Hybrid Materials
6.10.2.4 Catalysis for Kinetics Improvement
6.10.2.5 Machine Learning and Computational Modeling
6.10.2.6 Integration with Other Technologies
6.10.2.7 Standardization and Certification
6.11 Conclusion
References
7. Nanomaterials for Hydrogen Storage
Aisha Yasin, Syed Ali Raza Naqvi, Tauqir A. Sherazi, Sadaf Ul Hassan, Muhammad Ramzan Saeed Ashraf Janjua, Muhammad Rehan Hasan Shah Gilani, Naseem Abbas, Mazhar Hussain and Urwa Muaaz
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Hydrogen Storage
7.2.1 Thermodynamic Principles Governing Hydrogen Absorption/Desorption
7.2.2 Kinetic Factors Affecting Hydrogen Uptake and Release
7.2.3 Improvement of Kinetics by Nanoengineering for Hydrogen Storage Materials
7.2.3.1 Ball Milling - Mechanical Attrition
7.2.3.2 Nanoscaffold Confinement
7.2.4 Strategies for Optimizing Thermodynamics and Kinetics Using Nanomaterials
7.3 Strategies for Enhanced Hydrogen Storage Capacity
7.3.1 Kubas Interaction
7.3.2 Spillover Effect
7.3.3 Functionalization
7.4 Nanostructuring
7.4.1 Development in Nanomaterial
7.4.2 Characterization Techniques
7.4.3 Manometric Technique
7.4.4 Gravimetric Technique
7.4.5 Electrochemical Methods
7.5 Methods for Hydrogen Storage
7.5.1 Compressed Hydrogen
7.5.2 Liquid Hydrogen
7.5.3 Solid-State H2 Storage
7.6 Carbon Nanomaterials
7.6.1 Carbon Nanotubes
7.6.2 Graphene
7.6.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks with Carbon Nanomaterials
7.6.4 Silicon Carbide Nanotubes
7.6.5 Carbon Nanoscrolls
7.6.6 Pillared Graphene
7.6.7 Porous Nanotube Network
7.7 Nano-Objects with a Composite Architecture
7.7.1 Core-Shell Nanoparticles
7.7.2 Thin Films Decorated with Nanoparticles
7.7.3 Composite Nanoparticles
7.7.4 Nanoconfined Hydrides in Porous Scaffolds and Graphene-Based Materials
7.7.5 Nano-LiBH4 + Nano-MgH2 System
7.7.5.1 Mechanism
7.7.6 DyMn2O5/Ba3Mn2O8 Nanocomposite
7.8 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
7.8.1 Transition Metal Nanoparticles—Palladium and Nickel—Enhanced Storage Capacity
7.8.2 Magnesium-Based Nanoparticles - High Theoretical Capacity
7.8.3 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles—Titanium and Iron Oxides—Catalytic Effects
7.8.4 Pd-Based Nanomaterials
7.9 Metal Hydride Nanoparticles
7.9.1 Sodium Alanate Nanoparticles - Kinetics and Thermodynamics
7.9.2 Lithium Borohydride Nanoparticles - Synthesis and Cycling Stability
7.9.3 Calcium Borohydride Nanoparticles - Structure and Dehydrogenation
7.9.4 Magnesium Hydride (MgH2)
7.9.5 LiBH4 as Onboard Hydrogen Storage
7.10 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
8. Carbon-Based Materials for Hydrogen Storage
Ahmad Hussain, Nawishta Jabeen, Tafheem ul Haq and Masooma Zahra
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Hydrogen as a Green Energy System
8.3 Hydrogen Storage Carbon-Based Materials
8.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
8.3.2 Graphene
8.3.3 Activated Carbon
8.4 Mechanism of Hydrogen Adsorption
8.4.1 Physisorption
8.4.2 Adsorption and Desorption Process
8.4.3 Thermodynamic of Hydrogen Storage
8.5 Factors Affecting the Hydrogen Storage on Carbon-Based Materials
8.5.1 Temperature and Pressure Effect
8.5.2 Impurities and Contaminants
8.5.3 Aging and Stability
8.6 Hydrogen for Energy Application
8.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives
8.8 Conclusion
References
9. Composite Materials for Hydrogen Storage
Serkan Baslayici, Mehmet Bugdayci, Ozan Coban and Candeniz Uysal
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Importance of Hydrogen for Energy Storage
9.3 Hydrogen Storage Methods
9.3.1 Physical Storage Methods
9.3.2 Chemical Storage Methods
9.3.3 Absorption and Desorption Storage Methods
9.3.4 Molecular Storage Methods
9.4 The Role of Composite Materials in Hydrogen Storage
9.5 Design and Structure of Composite Materials
9.5.1 Material Selection
9.5.2 Design of Composite Structure
9.5.3 Synthesis and Production Methods
9.5.4 Sustainable Design and Production
9.6 Hydrogen Storage Performance and Analysis
9.6.1 Hydrogen Storage Capacity
9.6.2 Desorption and Absorption Rate
9.6.3 Cycle Stability
9.6.4 Working Pressure and Temperature
9.6.5 Energy Density
9.6.6 Safety
9.6.7 Environmental Impacts
References
10. Properties and Characteristics of Hydrogen
Vyacheslav S. Protsenko and Alexander B. Velichenko
10.1 Short History of Discovery and Utilization of Hydrogen
10.2 Occurrence of Hydrogen in Nature
10.3 Hydrogen Atom
10.4 Hydrogen Molecule
10.5 Parahydrogen and Orthohydrogen
10.6 Hydrogen Isotopes
10.7 Physical Properties of Hydrogen
10.8 Chemical and Electrochemical Properties of Hydrogen
10.9 Different Colors of Hydrogen
10.10 Conclusions
References
11. Technological Innovations and Research Frontiers in Hydrogen Energy
Charles Rashama, Clemence Kudakwashe Simende and Wilfred Chipangura
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Innovations in Hydrogen Production Technologies
11.3 Innovations in Hydrogen’s Energy Applications
11.3.1 Ammonia and Biomethanol Production
11.3.2 Oil Refining
11.3.3 Hydrogen Use in Fuel Cells
11.3.4 Shipping
11.3.5 Short-Haul Air Travel
11.3.6 Integration with Other Energy Systems
11.4 Research in Hydrogen Energy
11.4.1 Current Innovations and Research
11.4.2 The Future of Hydrogen Energy Innovation and Research
11.4.2.1 Alternative Sources and Production Technologies
11.4.2.2 Research Needs for Hydrogen Storage
11.4.2.3 Fuel Cells and Novel Fuel Cell Materials
11.5 Future Perspectives on Hydrogen Energy
Acknowledgments
References
12. Organic Hydrides for Hydrogen Storage
Melkamu Biyana Regasa and Shibiru Yadeta Ejeta
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Importance and Sources of Hydrogen
12.3 Importance of Hydrogen Energy
12.4 Methods for Clean Hydrogen Production
12.5 Methods of Storing Hydrogen Energy
12.5.1 Physical Storage
12.5.2 Chemical Storage
12.6 Organic Hydrides
12.7 Requirements for Hydrogen Chemical Storage
12.8 Application of Organic Hydrides in Hydrogen Storage
12.8.1 Mechanisms of Hydrogen Storage by Organic Hydrides
12.8.2 Liquid State Organic Hydrides
12.8.3 Solid-State Organic Hydrides
12.8.4 Metal-Organic Hydrides for the Storage of Hydrogen
12.9 Comparison of Organic Hydrides and Metal-Organic Hydrides
12.10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
13. Microbial Electrolysis for Hydrogen Generation
Figen Balo and Lutfu S. Sua
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Design of Microbial Electrolysis Cells
13.2.1 Cathode
13.2.2 Anode
13.2.3 Membrane
13.2.4 Microorganism
13.2.5 Substrate
13.3 AHP Analysis
13.4 Conclusions
References
14. Hydrogen in Power Generation: Fuel Cells and Combustion
Muthudineshkumar Ramaswamy, Vinoth Thangarasu, C. Ponmurugan Muthusamy, S. Jaisankar, T. Balamurugan, K. Manoj Prabhakar, Santhoshkumar and Gnana Sagaya Raj
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Hydrogen Utilization in the Power Generation Sector
14.3 Hydrogen Utilization in Transportation Sector
14.4 Conclusions and Future Research Outlook
References
15. Thermophilic Bacteria for Biohydrogen Production
Chun Yuan Tan and Adeline Su Yien Ting
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Diversity of Thermophilic Bio-H2 Producers
15.2.1 Thermotoga sp.
15.2.2 Caldicellulosiruptor sp.
15.2.3 Thermoanaerobacter sp.
15.2.4 Clostridium thermocellum
15.2.5 Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius
15.3 Significance of Thermophilic Isolates in Bio-H2 Production
15.3.1 Bio-H2 Production Pathways for Thermophiles
15.3.2 Influence of High Temperature on Bio-H2 Production
15.3.2.1 Thermodynamic Shifts Toward High Bio-H2 Yield
15.3.2.2 Reduction of Microbial Contamination
15.3.3 Complex Organic Wastes as Feedstock
15.3.3.1 Agricultural Waste
15.3.3.2 Manure
15.3.3.3 Industrial Waste
15.4 Processing Conditions and Technological Advances that Influence Bio-H2 Yield
15.4.1 pH of Fermentation Media
15.4.2 Concentration of Specific Gasses in the Headspace
15.4.2.1 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
15.4.2.2 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
15.4.2.3 Hydrogen (H2)
15.4.3 Metal Ions and Metal Nanoparticles (mNPs)
15.4.4 Immobilization Technology
15.5 Conclusion
References
16. Economic Viability and Market Potential of Hydrogen Energy
Muthudineshkumar Ramaswamy, S. Jaisankar, R. Karthikeyan, P. Arunachalam, P. Rajasekaran, Vinoth Thangarasu, C. Ponmurugan Muthusamy and K. Sobha
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Hydrogen Energy Overview
16.1.2 Hydrogen Production, Delivery, and Storage
16.1.3 Chemistry of Fuel Cells
16.2 Hydrogen Energy and Transition of Fuel Cell
16.3 Economic and Environmental Impacts
16.3.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
16.3.2 Economic Impacts
16.4 Future Scope
16.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
17. Methods for Hydrogen Energy Production and Fuel Generation
Mukilarasan Nedunchezhiyan, Ravikumar Jayabal, Sathiyamoorthy Ramalingam and Jayabalan Chelladurai
17.1 An Overview of Massive Amounts of Hydrogen Production
17.1.1 Hydrogen Production Methods
17.1.2 Renewable Energy Sources
17.1.2.1 Solar Energy
17.1.2.2 Wind Power
17.1.2.3 Agricultural Resources
17.1.2.4 Waste-to-Energy
17.1.2.5 Advanced Technologies of the Future
17.1.3 Storage of Hydrogen
17.1.4 Hydrogen Distribution and Transportation
17.2 Fuel Cell
17.3 Hydrogen as a Fuel
17.3.1 Hydrogen Blending with Natural Gas
17.3.2 Combustion Properties of Hydrogen Fuel
17.3.2.1 Clean Combustion
17.3.2.2 High Energy Content
17.3.2.3 Fast Flame Speed
17.3.2.4 Wide Flammability Range
17.3.2.5 High Flame Temperature
17.3.2.6 Hydrogen Flame Characteristics
17.4 Environmental Impact of Hydrogen Fuel
17.4.1 Green and Gray Blue Hydrogen
17.4.2 Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
17.4.3 Emission During Production
17.4.4 Material and Resources
17.5 Conclusion
References
18. Infrastructure and Distribution Challenges for Hydrogen Energy
Vimalananth V. T., Gnanamoorthi V., Jayabalan C., Muthudineshkumar Ramaswamy, N. Mukilarasan and P. Prasannaa
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Hydrogen Energy Overview
18.2.1 Production Methods
18.2.2 Applications and Uses
18.2.3 Environmental Benefits
18.3 Infrastructure Challenges on Hydrogen Energy
18.3.1 Production Infrastructure
18.3.2 Storage Infrastructure
18.3.3 Safety Considerations
18.3.4 Transportation Infrastructure
18.3.4.1 Pipelines
18.3.4.2 Hydrogen Trucks and Rail Transport
18.4 Distribution Challenges
18.4.1 Localized Distribution
18.4.2 Global Distribution
18.5 Technological Hurdles
18.5.1 Infrastructure Compatibility
18.5.2 Technological Innovation
18.6 Regulatory and Policy Challenges
18.7 Future Outlook
18.7.1 India’s Outlook
18.7.2 Global Outlook
18.7.3 Challenges and Solutions
18.7.4 Technological Advancements
18.8 Conclusion
References
19. Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs)
Devaraj Naik Bukke, Muthudineshkumar Ramaswamy, Vinoth Thangarasu and Santhoshkumar Annamalai
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 History of LOHCs
19.2 Concepts and Development
19.3 Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation Processes
19.3.1 Demonstration Projects and Industry Engagement
19.3.2 Global Collaboration and Standardization
19.3.3 Commercialization and Future Prospects
19.4 Advantages of LOHCs
19.5 Disadvantages of LOHCs
19.6 Safety Issues in Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers
19.7 Application of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs)
19.8 Conclusions
References
20. Grid-Scale Hydrogen Energy Systems Projects and Implementation
Chinmay Deheri, Binayak Pattanayak, Abinash Mahapatro and Saroj Kumar Acharya
Nomenclature
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Production Methods
20.1.2 Storage and Transportation
20.1.3 Integration with the Grid
20.1.4 Economic Consideration and Policy Regulations of Hydrogen as Renewable Fuel
20.2 Different Applications of Hydrogen in the Energy Sector
20.2.1 Energy Storage
20.2.1.1 Energy Storage from Medium to Long-Range Applications
20.2.2 Transportation
20.3 Green Hydrogen Production
20.3.1 Electrolysis
20.3.2 Hydrogen Collection and Compression
20.3.3 Hydrogen Storage
20.4 Re-Electrification of Hydrogen Energy
20.4.1 Concept of Fuel Cell
20.5 Projects and Implementation
20.5.1 Green Hydrogen Microgrid Projects at Simhadri
20.5.2 Hydrogen Energy Storage in Grid-Scale: A Cost-Benefit and Techno-Economic Analysis for Sweden
20.5.3 Hydrogen Energy Storage: Grid and Transportation Services
20.5.4 HTWO – Hydrogen for Humanity
20.5.4.1 HTWO – Hydrogen for Humanity
20.5.4.2 Fuel Cell System – Beyond Automobile
20.6 Conclusion
References
21. Hydrogen in Industrial Processes
Guocai Tian
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Preparation, Storage, and Transportation of Hydrogen
21.2.1 Properties and Classification of Hydrogen
21.2.2 Hydrogen Production
21.2.3 Hydrogen Storage
21.2.4 Transportation of Hydrogen
21.3 The Application of Hydrogen in the Metallurgical Industry
21.3.1 Hydrogen-Rich Smelting Technology for Blast Furnace
21.3.1.1 COURSE50 Low-Carbon Ironmaking Technology
21.3.1.2 German ThyssenKrupp Hydrogen Ironmaking Technology
21.3.1.3 3R Low-Carbon Blast Furnace by MCC CISDI
21.3.1.4 HyCROF Low-Carbon Metallurgical Project
21.3.2 Hydrogen-Based Direct Reduction
21.3.2.1 Direct Reduction Ironmaking Process with Gas-Based Shaft Furnace
21.3.2.2 Gas-Based Fluidized Bed DRI Process
21.3.3 Hydrogen-Based Smelting Reduction
21.3.3.1 Bottom-Blown Hydrogen Smelting Reduction Process
21.3.3.2 Side-Blown Hydrogen Smelting Reduction Process
21.3.3.3 CISP Hydrogen-Rich Smelting Reduction Process
21.3.4 Research Progress of Hydrogen Metallurgy for Nonferrous Metals
21.3.5 Problems in the Hydrogen Metallurgy
21.4 Hydrogen Application in the Petroleum and Chemical Industry
21.4.1 Synthetic Ammonia and Its Derivative Chemicals
21.4.2 Methanol and Its Derivatives
21.4.3 Modern Coal Chemical Industry
21.4.4 Application of Hydrogen in the Petrochemical Industry
21.5 Main Constraints of Large-Scale Industrial Application of Green Hydrogen
21.6 Future Path and Strategy of Green Hydrogen in the Industrial Field
Acknowledgment
References
Index
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