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Submit a ProposalPolymers in Functional Foods and Drugs
 | Chemistry and Essential Applications Edited by Balakumar Chandrasekaran and Mohammad F. Bayan Copyright: 2025 | Expected Pub Date:2025/09/30 ISBN: 9781394214365 | Hardcover | 640 pages |
One Line Description
Master the cutting-edge intersection of polymers and medicine with this
essential guide, offering both a theoretical understanding and practical
applications for innovative drug and food product development.
Audience
Researchers, scientists, and industry experts working with polymers in the field of pharmaceuticals medicine, diagnostics, medical devices, biotechnology, and nutrition.
Researchers, scientists, and industry experts working with polymers in the field of pharmaceuticals medicine, diagnostics, medical devices, biotechnology, and nutrition.
Description
Polymers are showing promise as a solution in a number of fields, including pharmaceuticals, medicine, diagnostics, medical devices, and biotechnology. In the development of drug products, polymers play an important role in nano-formulation development. Also, polymers contribute significantly to functional foods, nutraceuticals, and nutritional supplements. They are used as preservatives, enhancing the shelf life of foods, supplements, and herbal nutraceutical products.
This book provides readers with a theoretical understanding and practical applications of polymers in new drug discovery and food product development. It covers a broad spectrum of topics, from fundamental principles and concepts to applications, discussing natural, synthetic, and semi-synthetic polymeric materials. The chapters explore in-depth applications in medical devices, implants, nanosponges, and biological delivery systems, all of which are increasingly important in today’s industry. Discussions on specialized topics, such as natural micropolymers in functional foods and dietary supplements, makes this an essential guide for anyone looking to stay up-to-date with the current trends in pharmaceutical and biotechnology research and development.
Readers will find the book:
• Comprehensively covers natural polymers and their applications in controlled drug delivery;
• Encompasses interdisciplinary science around polymers in functional food;
• Explores the delivery of drugs in the current practice of using synthetic polymers.
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Polymers are showing promise as a solution in a number of fields, including pharmaceuticals, medicine, diagnostics, medical devices, and biotechnology. In the development of drug products, polymers play an important role in nano-formulation development. Also, polymers contribute significantly to functional foods, nutraceuticals, and nutritional supplements. They are used as preservatives, enhancing the shelf life of foods, supplements, and herbal nutraceutical products.
This book provides readers with a theoretical understanding and practical applications of polymers in new drug discovery and food product development. It covers a broad spectrum of topics, from fundamental principles and concepts to applications, discussing natural, synthetic, and semi-synthetic polymeric materials. The chapters explore in-depth applications in medical devices, implants, nanosponges, and biological delivery systems, all of which are increasingly important in today’s industry. Discussions on specialized topics, such as natural micropolymers in functional foods and dietary supplements, makes this an essential guide for anyone looking to stay up-to-date with the current trends in pharmaceutical and biotechnology research and development.
Readers will find the book:
• Comprehensively covers natural polymers and their applications in controlled drug delivery;
• Encompasses interdisciplinary science around polymers in functional food;
• Explores the delivery of drugs in the current practice of using synthetic polymers.
Back to Top
Author / Editor Details
Balakumar Chandrasekaran, PhD is a Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy at Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan. He has published more than 80 papers, authored 23 book chapters, edited two books and three journal issues as a guest editor, and holds nine international patents. His research focuses on pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry, drug design, AI in pharmacy, and antimicrobials.
Balakumar Chandrasekaran, PhD is a Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy at Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan. He has published more than 80 papers, authored 23 book chapters, edited two books and three journal issues as a guest editor, and holds nine international patents. His research focuses on pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry, drug design, AI in pharmacy, and antimicrobials.
Mohammad F. Bayan, PhD Associate Professor of Pharmaceutics in the faculty of Pharmacy at Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan and is currently the Head of Pharmacy Department. His major focus of research involves the development of controlled and triggered drug delivery systems using advanced and novel technologies. His work also involves organic synthesis, synthesis, characterization of polymeric smart materials and performing drug release studies. He is an author of more than 50 publications and received funding from national and international grants.
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Table of Contents
Preface
Part 1: Polymers as Carriers in Drug Delivery
1. Smart Polymeric Carriers for Efficient Drug Delivery
Mohammad F. Bayan and Balakumar Chandrasekaran
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Techniques for Manufacturing Smart Polymers
1.3 pH-Responsive Polymers and Their Preparation
1.4 Temperature-Responsive Polymers
1.5 Photoresponsive Polymers
1.6 Enzyme-Responsive Polymers
1.7 Glucose-Responsive Polymers
1.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
2. Polymer-Based Delivery of Novel Drugs
Ayah Kamal, Bilal Harieth Alrimawi, Abdulsalam Q. Almashhadani, Shatha Khaled Haif, Amani Marwan Ayyash, Aisha Naim Abdo, Mohamad Dayoob and Mohammad G. Al-Thiabat
2.1 Biodegradable Polymers and Biopolymers in Drug Delivery
2.1.1 Definition
2.1.2 Classification of Biopolymers
2.1.2.1 Natural Biodegradable Polymers
2.1.2.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers
2.2 Microneedles
2.2.1 Definition
2.2.2 MN Types
2.2.3 Polymers Used in MN Fabrication
2.2.4 Classification of Polymers Used in MN Fabrication
2.3 Electrospun Nanofibers for Drug Delivery System
2.3.1 Definition
2.3.2 Advantages of Polymeric Electrospun Mats in Drug Delivery
2.3.3 Hydrophilic Versus Hydrophobic Polymers
2.4 Smart Polymer
2.4.1 Definition
2.4.2 Classification of SP According to Structural Conformation
2.4.2.1 Polymers as Linear Free Chains in Solution
2.4.2.2 Covalently Cross-Linked, Reversible, and Physical Gels
2.4.2.3 Polymers in Chain Adsorbed or Surface-Grafted Form
2.4.3 Classification of SP According to the Activating Stimulus
2.4.3.1 Temperature-Sensitive Polymers
2.4.3.2 pH–Sensitive Polymers
2.4.3.3 Light-Sensitive Polymers
2.4.3.4 Magnetic Sensitive Polymers
2.4.3.5 Dual-Responsive Polymers
2.5 Polymeric-Based Hydrogel
2.5.1 Definition
2.5.2 Characteristics of Hydrogels
2.5.3 Polymers Used in Hydrogel Formulation
2.5.3.1 Natural Polymers
2.5.3.2 Synthetic Polymers
2.6 Thermoresponsive Polymers
2.6.1 Definition
2.6.2 Selected Thermoresponsive Polymers
2.6.2.1 Poly (N–Isopropyl Acrylamide)
2.6.2.2 Poloxamers
2.6.2.3 Elastin-Like Polypeptides
2.6.2.4 Polyethylene Glycol
2.6.2.5 Xyloglucan
2.6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages
2.7 Polymeric Nano-Particulate Systems
2.7.1 Definition
2.7.2 Classification of PNPSs
2.7.2.1 Classification of PNPSs Based on Morphology
2.7.2.2 Classification of PNPSs Based on Polymer Composition
2.7.2.3 Classification of PNPSs Based on Surface Functionality for Targeting Strategies
2.7.3 Advantages and Limitations of PNPSs in Drug Delivery
2.7.4 Fabrication and Synthesis
2.7.4.1 Preparation Techniques for PNPSs
2.7.4.2 Fabrication of PNPSs for Particular Applications
2.7.5 Drug Loading and Release in PNPSs
2.7.5.1 Drug Loading Strategies
2.7.5.2 Drug Release Mechanisms
2.7.6 Practical Applications of PNPSs and Regulatory Consideration
2.7.6.1 Practical Applications of PNPSs
2.7.6.2 Regulatory Considerations for PNPS Clinical Applications
2.7.7 Challenges and Future Directions in PNPS Development
References
3. Recent Advances in Polysaccharide-Based Nanoplatforms for Targeted Cancer Therapy: Innovations and Challenges in Drug Delivery Systems
Indiraleka Muthiah, Annie Aglin Antony, Premnath Dhanaraj and Malak Hani Abd Alkarim AlTurk
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Impact of Basic Pharmacological Models on Carrier Architectural Design
3.3 Cyclodextrin
3.3.1 β-Cyclodextrin
3.3.2 Inclusion Complex
3.4 Cancer
3.4.1 Lung Cancer
3.4.2 Breast Cancer
3.4.3 Kidney Cancer
3.4.4 Bone Cancer
3.4.5 Potential Anticancer Used for Delivery Approaches Based on Cyclodextrin
3.5 Traditional Drug Delivery Systems
3.6 Challenges in Traditional Drug Delivery Systems
3.6.1 Limited Bioavailability
3.6.2 Lack of Targeted Delivery
3.6.3 Poor Solubility and Stability
3.6.4 Patient Compliance
3.7 Novel Drug Delivery Systems
3.8 Polymers in NDDS
3.8.1 PLGA
3.8.2 Polyglycolic Acid
3.8.3 Poly-l-Glutamic Acid
3.8.4 Chitosan
3.8.5 Cyclodextrins
3.9 Polymer-Based Novel Drug Delivery Systems
3.9.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
3.9.2 Polymeric Micelles
3.9.3 Polymer-Drug Conjugates
3.9.4 Mucoadhesive Polymers
3.9.5 Polymer-Based Implantable Devices
3.10 Mechanisms of Drug Release
3.10.1 Diffusion-Controlled Release
3.10.2 Degradation or Erosion-Controlled Release
3.10.3 Swelling-Controlled Release
3.10.4 Stimuli-Responsive (Smart) Drug Release
3.10.5 Osmosis-Controlled Release
3.11 Factors Influencing Drug Release Mechanisms
3.11.1 Polymer Properties
3.11.2 Drug-Polymer Interactions
3.11.3 Device Geometry and Size
3.11.4 Environmental Conditions
3.12 Future Perspectives
3.13 Conclusion
References
4. Polymer-Based Drug Release to Enteral and Parenteral Routes
Himanshu Sharma, Siddhant Jai Tyagi, Phool Chandra, Anurag Verma, Sumel Ashique, Arshad Farid, Neeraj Mishra, Rashmi Pathak and Afzal Hussain
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Advantages of Novel Drug Delivery Systems
4.3 Role of Polymers in NDDSs
4.4 Types of Polymers Used in NDDSs
4.5 Synthetic Polymers
4.6 Natural Polymers
4.7 Biodegradable Polymers
4.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Synthetic Polymers
4.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Polymers
4.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biodegradable Polymers
4.11 Polymer Properties
4.11.1 Physicochemical Properties of Polymers that Influence Drug Release Kinetics in NDDSs
4.11.2 Molecular Weight and Chain Structure
4.11.3 Hydrophobicity/Hydrophilicity
4.11.4 Glass Transition Temperature
4.11.5 Solubility
4.11.6 Swelling and Degradation
4.11.7 Porosity and Pore Size
4.11.8 Cross-Linking Density
4.11.9 Polymer Concentration
4.12 Drug-Polymer Interactions
4.12.1 Diffusion-Controlled Release
4.12.2 Dissolution-Controlled Release
4.12.3 Swelling-Controlled Release
4.12.4 Erosion-Controlled Release
4.12.5 Matrix Diffusion-Controlled Release
4.12.6 Stimuli-Responsive Release
4.13 Polymer-Based NDDSs for Oral Drug Delivery
4.13.1 Nanopbook Chapters
4.13.2 Micropbook Chapters
4.13.3 Hydrogels
4.14 Polymer-Based NDDSs for Oral Cavity Applications
4.15 Polymer-Based NDDSs for Gastrointestinal Tract Target-Specific Applications
4.16 Polymer-Based NDDSs for Parenteral Drug Delivery
4.16.1 Liposomes
4.16.2 Polymeric Micelles
4.16.3 Dendrimers
4.17 Polymer-Based NDDSs for Topical Drug Delivery
4.17.1 Gels
4.17.2 Creams
4.17.3 Transdermal Patches
4.18 Nanocarriers
4.19 Applications of Polymers in Targeted Drug Delivery
4.20 Exploiting Physiological Conditions and Pathophysiological Differences
4.21 Polymer-Coated Nanopbook Chapters for Cancer Therapy
4.22 Polymer-Drug Conjugates for Specific Enzyme Targeting
4.22.1 pH-Responsive Polymer-Based Systems for Tumor Targeting
4.22.2 Temperature-Sensitive Polymers for Localized Hyperthermia Therapy
4.22.3 Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Targeted Cancer Therapy
4.22.4 Stimuli-Responsive Polymers for On-Demand Drug Release
4.23 Challenges
4.23.1 Biocompatibility and Toxicity Concerns
4.23.2 Polymer Degradation and Stability
4.23.3 Drug Loading Efficiency
4.23.4 Controlling Drug Release Kinetics
4.23.5 Scale-Up and Manufacturing Challenges
4.23.6 Immunogenicity and Immune Response
4.23.7 Clearance and Biodistribution
4.23.8 Patient-Specific Approaches
4.23.9 Regulatory Approval and Standardization
4.24 Future Perspectives
4.25 Targeting Inflammatory Diseases
4.25.1 Biomimetic Approaches
4.25.2 Targeted Theranostic Platforms
4.26 Overcoming Blood-Brain Barrier Challenges
4.27 Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Polymers
4.28 Integrating Artificial Intelligence and Computational Modeling
4.29 Conclusion
References
Part 2: Natural Polymers
5. Applications of Cellulose-Based Nanoparticles
Najlaa Saadi Ismael, Suha Telfah, Iman A. Mansi, Mohammad Abu Nuwar, Aisha Qatawneh and Rand Yasir Alkhammas
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Cellulose Sources
5.3 General Properties of Cellulose
5.4 Cellulose Chemical Structure
5.5 Application of Cellulose
5.6 Nanocellulose
5.6.1 Type of Nanocellulose
5.6.2 Properties of Nanocellulose
5.6.3 Structure of Cellulose Nanoparticles
5.6.4 Nanocellulose Production
5.6.4.1 Acid Hydrolysis
5.6.4.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
5.6.4.3 Oxidation Degradation
5.6.5 Nanocellulose Characterization Methods
5.6.5.1 Atomic Force Microscopy
5.6.5.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy
5.6.5.3 X-Ray Diffraction
5.6.5.4 Zeta Potential
5.6.6 Application of Nanocellulose
5.6.6.1 Nanocelluloses in Drug Delivery Systems
5.6.6.2 Nanocelluloses in Wound Healing Applications
5.6.6.3 Bone Tissue Regeneration and Healing
5.6.6.4 Antimicrobial Nanocelluloses
5.6.6.5 Nanocelluloses in Cancer Applications
5.6.7 Efficacy in Treatment and Minimized Toxicity
5.6.8 Future Ascents in Nanocellulose Applications
Conclusions
References
6. Applications of Alginate-Based Nanoparticles
Aisha Qatawneh, Iman A. Mansi, Suha Telfah, Najlaa Saadi Ismael and Mohammad Abu Nuwar
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 General Properties of Alginate
6.1.2 Alginate Chemical Structure
6.1.3 General Properties of NPs
6.1.4 The Importance of NPs in Drug Delivery
6.2 Preparation Methods for Alginate-Based NPs
6.2.1 Ionic Gelation
6.2.2 Covalent Cross-Linking
6.2.3 Emulsion
6.2.4 Self-Assembly
6.2.5 Complexation
6.3 Characterization of Alginate-Based NPs
6.4 Applications of Alginate-Based NPs
6.4.1 Drug Delivery Applications
6.4.2 Anticancer Applications
6.4.2.1 Introduction
6.4.2.2 Significance of NPs in Cancer Treatment
6.4.2.3 Targeted Drug Delivery
6.4.2.4 Combination Therapy
6.4.2.5 Biological Barriers and Overcoming Challenges
6.4.3 Alginate-Based NPs for Antibacterial Applications
6.4.3.1 Introduction
6.4.3.2 Significance of NPs in Antibacterial Drugs
6.4.3.3 Strategies for Enhancing Antibacterial Efficacy
6.4.4 Alginate-Based NPs for Wound Healing Applications
6.4.4.1 Wounds and Wound Healing
6.4.4.2 Wound Dressings
6.4.4.3 Alginate-Based Dressings
6.4.4.4 Alginate-Based NP Dressings
6.5 Future Perspectives and Challenges
6.6 Conclusions
References
7. Biodegradable and Biocompatible Natural Polymers in the Drug Delivery System – A New Trend toward the Enhancement of the Therapeutic Efficiencies
Rajashri R. Naik, Abeer J.M. Haddad and Ashok K. Shakya
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Drug Delivery System
7.3 Natural Biodegradable Polymers
7.3.1 Polysaccharide
7.3.1.1 Chitosan
7.3.1.2 Hyaluronic Acid
7.3.1.3 Pullulan
7.3.1.4 Alginate
7.3.2 Protein
7.3.2.1 Silk Fibroin
7.3.2.2 Collagen
7.4 Benefits and Limitation of Natural-Based Polymers
7.5 Future Perspective
7.6 Conclusion
References
8. Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Effects of Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials
Suha Telfah, Mohammad Abu Nuwar, Najlaa Saadi Ismael, Iman A. Mansi and Aisha Qatawneh
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Chitosan Abundance and Sources
8.3 Preparation and Properties of Chitosan and its Derivatives
8.4 Nanotechnology
8.4.1 Drug Carrier Preparation Using Chitosan and its Derivatives
8.4.2 Preparation Method for CS-Based Nanoparticles
8.4.3 Preparation Method for AgNPs Coated with Chitosan
8.4.4 Preparation Method for CS Nanogel
8.4.5 Preparation Method for CS Nanofiber
8.4.6 Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles
8.4.6.1 X-Ray Diffraction
8.4.6.2 Raman Spectroscopy
8.4.6.3 Electron Microscopy
8.4.6.4 Atomic Force Microscopy
8.4.6.5 Dynamic Light Scattering
8.4.7 Application of Chitosan-Based Nanomaterial
8.5 Antibacterial Effect of Chitosan-Based Nanomaterial
8.5.1 Mechanism of Antibacterial Action
8.5.2 Factors Affecting Antibacterial Activity
8.5.2.1 Influence of Bacterial Species: Gram-Positive versus Gram-Negative Bacteria
8.5.2.2 Influence of Concentrations
8.5.2.3 Influence of Bacterial Growth Stage
8.5.2.4 Influence of Zeta Potential
8.5.2.5 Influence of pH
8.5.2.6 Influence of DD and MW
8.5.2.7 Influence of Chitosan Source
8.5.3 Antimicrobial Complexes of CSNPs with Selected Materials
8.5.3.1 Antimicrobial Activity of CSNP Loaded with Antibiotics or Other Microbicidal
Substances
8.5.3.2 Antimicrobial Activity of CS/Metal Nanocomposites
8.5.3.3 Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles on Bacterial Biofilm
8.6 Skin Wound Healing Effect of Chitosan-Based Nanomaterial
8.6.1 The Process of Wound Healing
8.6.2 Natural Polymer in Skin Wound Healing
8.6.3 Functional Natural Polymers in Skin Wound Healing
8.6.4 Mechanisms of Wound Healing Effect for Biopolymer Including Chitosan
8.6.4.1 Hemostasis
8.6.4.2 Antimicrobial
8.6.4.3 Anti-Inflammation
8.6.4.4 Angiogenesis
8.6.4.5 Antioxidant
8.6.4.6 Collagen Deposition
8.6.4.7 In Vivo and In Vitro Wound Closure Rate Acceleration
8.6.5 Polymer Properties Affecting Wound Healing Processes
8.6.5.1 Influence of Molecular Weight
8.6.5.2 Influence of Degree of Deacetylation
8.6.6 Chitosan-Based Nanomaterial in Wound Healing
8.6.6.1 Chitin Nanoparticles and Wound Healing
8.6.6.2 Chitosan Nanoparticles in Wound Healing
8.6.6.3 Carboxymethyl Chitosan NPs and Wound Healing
8.6.6.4 CS-Modified Metal NPs in Wound Healing
8.6.6.5 Chitosan-Based Nanogel
8.6.6.6 Chitosan-Based Nanofiber in Wound Healing
8.7 Future Perspectives and Limitations for Chitosan Application
8.8 Conclusion
References
Part 3: Polymers in Biologicals Delivery
9. Applications of Polymers in Delivering Biologics
Juhaina M. Abu Ershaid, May Tayyem and Achmad Himawan
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Challenges of Biologics in Drug Delivery
9.2.1 Immunogenicity of Biologics
9.2.2 Low Permeability of Biologics
9.3 Routes of Administration of Biologics
9.3.1 Oral Route
9.3.2 Buccal Route
9.3.3 Sublingual Route
9.3.4 Pulmonary Route
9.3.5 Transdermal Route
9.3.6 Parenteral Route
9.4 Polymers for Delivering Biologics
9.4.1 Natural Polymers and Chemically Modified Natural Polymers
9.4.1.1 Hyaluronic Acid
9.4.1.2 Chondroitin Sulfate
9.4.1.3 Dextran
9.4.1.4 Pullulan
9.4.1.5 Alginic Acid
9.4.1.6 Chitosan
9.4.2 Synthetic Polymers
9.4.2.1 Poly(Ethylene Glycol)
9.4.2.2 Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid)
9.4.2.3 Polyglycolic Acid
9.4.2.4 Polylactic Acid
9.4.2.5 Polymers Based on Acrylic Acid Derivatives
9.4.2.6 Polycaprolactone
9.4.2.7 Polyhydroxyalkanoate
9.4.2.8 Polyanhydrides
9.4.2.9 Poly(Ortho Esters)
9.4.2.10 Poly(Ester Amides)
9.4.2.11 Poly(β-Amino Esters)
9.4.2.12 Polyamides/Proteins
9.4.2.13 Polyphosphazene
9.4.2.14 Dendrimers
9.4.2.15 Polyethylenimine
9.5 Future Prospectives
References
10. Polymers in the Biological Sciences
Abdel Naser Dakkah, Yousef Abusamra, Mohammad Aldhoun, Adnan A. Dahadha and Walideh Sayed
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biomedical Use of Polymers
10.2.1 Macromolecules (Polymers)
10.2.2 Ideal Characteristics for Biomedical Applications
10.2.2.1 Superhydrophobicity
10.2.2.2 Adhesion
10.2.2.3 Self-Healing
10.2.3 The Use of Macromolecules (Polymers)
10.3 The Importance of Polymer in Biomedical Applications
10.3.1 Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine
10.3.2 Bone Regrowth
10.3.3 Drug Delivery
10.3.4 Adjuvant Immunization
10.3.5 Dressing the Wound
10.3.6 Installers
10.3.7 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
10.3.8 Bioacoustic
10.4 Final Thoughts
Bibliography
11. Multiple Natural Polymers in the Delivery of Biological Products
Rajwinder Kaur, Varinder Singh, Md Altamash Ahmad, Diksha Choudhary, Arvind Kumar and Sandeep Kumar
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Delivery of Biologics Using Natural Polymers
11.2.1 Starch
11.2.2 Hyaluronic Acid
11.2.3 Cellulose
11.2.4 Pectin
11.2.5 Guar Gum
11.2.6 Inulin
11.2.7 Chitosan
11.2.8 Alginate
11.2.9 Carrageenans
11.2.10 Gellan
11.2.11 Dextran
11.3 Synthetic Polymers
11.3.1 PLGA
11.3.2 Poly[ethylene Glycol]
11.3.3 Polyethylenimine
11.3.4 Polycaprolactone
11.3.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoate
11.4 Microneedle Technology in the Delivery of Biologics
11.5 Conclusion
11.6 Future Prospects
References
12. Polymeric Biomaterials for Medical Implants and Devices
Himanshu Sharma, Siddhant Jai Tyagi, Prakhar Varshney, Rashmi Pathak, Sumel Ashique and Afzal Hussain
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Advantages of Polymeric Biomaterials
12.2.1 Biocompatibility
12.2.2 Versatility
12.2.3 Tunable Degradation
12.2.4 Drug Delivery
12.2.5 Tissue Engineering
12.2.6 Ease of Processing
12.3 Disadvantages of Polymeric Biomaterials
12.3.1 Mechanical Properties
12.3.2 Biodegradation
12.3.3 Immune Response
12.3.4 Biostability
12.3.5 Manufacturing Complexity
12.3.6 Regulatory Considerations
12.4 Categories of Medical Devices and Implants
12.4.1 Diagnostic Devices
12.4.2 Therapeutic Devices
12.4.3 Surgical Instruments
12.4.4 Implants
12.4.5 Prosthetics
12.4.6 Assistive Devices
12.4.7 Monitoring and Rehabilitation Devices
12.4.8 Dental Devices
12.4.9 Ophthalmic Devices
12.4.10 In Vitro Diagnostic Devices
12.5 Polymeric Materials for Medical Devices and Implants
12.5.1 Polyvinylidene Fluoride
12.5.1.1 Biocompatibility
12.5.1.2 Mechanical Properties
12.5.1.3 Chemical Resistance
12.5.1.4 Electrical Properties
12.5.1.5 Radiolucency
12.5.1.6 Sterilization Compatibility
12.5.1.7 Versatile Processing Techniques
12.5.1.8 Antifouling and Antimicrobial Properties
12.5.2 Polypropylene
12.5.2.1 Biocompatibility
12.5.2.2 Mechanical Properties
12.5.2.3 Chemical Resistance
12.5.2.4 Lightweight
12.5.2.5 Cost-Effectiveness
12.5.2.6 Sterilization Compatibility
12.5.2.7 Resistance to Fatigue and Stress Cracking
12.5.2.8 Versatile Processing Techniques
12.5.3 Polyethylene
12.5.3.1 Biocompatibility
12.5.3.2 Mechanical Properties
12.5.3.3 Wear Resistance
12.5.3.4 Chemical Resistance
12.5.3.5 Low Friction Coefficient
12.5.3.6 Radiolucency
12.5.3.7 Sterilization Compatibility
12.5.3.8 Versatile Processing Techniques
12.5.4 Polymethylmethacrylate
12.5.4.1 Bone Cement
12.5.4.2 Dental Prosthetics
12.5.4.3 Ophthalmic Implants
12.5.4.4 Cosmetic and Reconstructive Surgery
12.5.4.5 Drug Delivery Systems
12.5.4.6 Surgical Instruments and Tools
12.5.4.7 Research and Testing Models
12.5.5 Polyurethane
12.5.5.1 Biocompatibility
12.5.5.2 Flexibility and Elasticity
12.5.5.3 Durability and Strength
12.5.5.4 Tunable Hardness
12.5.5.5 Resilience and Impact Resistance
12.5.5.6 Biostability and Resistance to Degradation
12.5.5.7 Coating and Encapsulation
12.5.5.8 Drug Delivery Systems
12.5.6 Polytetrafluoroethylene
12.5.6.1 Biocompatibility
12.5.6.2 Low Friction and Nonstick Properties
12.5.6.3 Chemical Resistance
12.5.6.4 Lubricity
12.5.6.5 Electrical Insulation
12.5.6.6 Radiolucency
12.5.6.7 Implant Applications
12.5.6.8 Drug Delivery Systems
12.5.7 Polyimide
12.5.7.1 Biocompatibility
12.5.7.2 Flexibility and Toughness
12.5.7.3 Thermal Stability
12.5.7.4 Electrical Insulation
12.5.7.5 Radiolucency
12.5.7.6 Chemical Resistance
12.5.7.7 Biostability and Resistance to Degradation
12.5.7.8 Microfabrication and Miniaturization
12.5.8 Liquid Crystal Polymer
12.5.8.1 Biocompatibility
12.5.8.2 High Strength and Stiffness
12.5.8.3 Chemical Resistance
12.5.8.4 Dimensional Stability
12.5.8.5 Radiolucency
12.5.8.6 Electrical Properties
12.5.8.7 Miniaturization and Complex Geometries
12.5.8.8 Low Moisture Absorption
12.6 Different Forms of Natural and Synthetic Smart Polymeric Biomaterials
12.6.1 Polymeric Films
12.6.1.1 Barrier Properties
12.6.1.2 Biocompatibility
12.6.1.3 Drug Delivery
12.6.1.4 Adhesion and Bonding
12.6.1.5 Flexibility and Conformability
12.6.1.6 Biodegradability
12.6.1.7 Optical Properties
12.6.1.8 Electrostatic Dissipation
12.6.2 Polymeric Sponges
12.6.2.1 Absorption and Fluid Management
12.6.2.2 Biocompatibility
12.6.2.3 Drug Delivery
12.6.2.4 Scaffold Structures
12.6.2.5 Compression and Support
12.6.2.6 Hemostasis and Sealing
12.6.2.7 Tissue Engineering
12.6.2.8 Biodegradability
12.6.3 Hydrogels
12.6.3.1 Biocompatibility
12.6.3.2 Water Absorption and Swelling
12.6.3.3 Soft and Gel-Like Consistency
12.6.3.4 Drug Delivery
12.6.3.5 Tissue Engineering
12.6.3.6 Adhesion and Sealing
12.6.3.7 Lubrication and Lubricious Coatings
12.6.3.8 Bioactive Functionalities
12.7 Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Hydrogels
12.7.1 Responsive Behavior
12.7.2 Drug Delivery
12.7.3 Tissue Engineering
12.7.4 Controlled Release
12.7.5 Biosensors and Diagnostics
12.7.6 Controlled Cell Culture Environments
12.7.7 Shape Memory and Self-Healing Materials
12.8 Injectable Hydrogels
12.8.1 Minimally Invasive Delivery
12.8.2 Conformability and Filling Ability
12.8.3 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
12.8.4 Drug Delivery Systems
12.8.5 Filling and Sealing of Defects
12.8.6 Biocompatibility and Biodegradability
12.8.7 Enhanced Surgical Precision
12.8.8 Tissue Augmentation and Esthetics
12.9 Shape Memory Polymeric Materials
12.9.1 Minimally Invasive Procedures
12.9.2 Implant Fixation and Anchorage
12.9.3 Stents and Vascular Devices
12.9.4 Controlled Drug Delivery
12.9.5 Tissue Engineering and Scaffolds
12.9.6 Dynamic Medical Devices
12.9.7 Biocompatibility and Durability
12.10 3D Printed Polymeric Biomaterials
12.10.1 Thermoplastic
12.10.1.1 Customization and Patient-Specific Design
12.10.1.2 Design Flexibility and Complexity
12.10.1.3 Biocompatibility and Biomimicry
12.10.1.4 Tailored Mechanical Properties
12.10.1.5 Porosity and Permeability Control
12.10.1.6 Drug Delivery System
12.10.1.7 Accelerated Prototyping and Production
12.10.1.8 Regulatory Considerations
12.10.2 3D Printed Hydrogels
12.10.2.1 Complex and Customizable Structures
12.10.2.2 Precise Control of Internal Architecture
12.10.2.3 Biomimetic Properties
12.10.2.4 Spatial Control of Bioactive Agents
12.10.2.5 Tunable Mechanical Properties
12.10.2.6 Patient-Specific Drug Delivery
12.10.2.7 Integration of Multiple Materials
12.10.2.8 Rapid Prototyping and Customization
12.11 Limitations/Challenges of Polymeric Biomaterials for Medical Implants and Devices
12.11.1 Mechanical Properties
12.11.2 Degradation and Stability
12.11.3 Biocompatibility and Inflammatory Response
12.11.4 Sterilization Challenges
12.11.5 Material Processing and Manufacturing
12.11.6 Lack of Long-Term Clinical Data
12.11.7 Regulatory Considerations
12.11.8 Material Selection and Compatibility
12.12 Future Trends
12.12.1 Advanced Biocompatible Materials
12.12.2 Bioactive and Bioresorbable Materials
12.12.3 Smart and Stimuli-Responsive Materials
12.12.4 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing
12.12.5 Hybrid and Composite Materials
12.12.6 Biofabrication and Tissue Engineering
12.12.7 Surface Modifications and Coatings
12.12.8 Biodegradable Electronics
12.12.9 Regenerative Medicine and Personalized Medicine
12.12.10 Improved Safety and Regulatory Considerations
12.13 Conclusion
References
13. Polymeric Polysaccharides for Biomedical Applications
Sathianarayanan Sankaran, Asha Jose, Fatima Jihad Hussein and Wafa’a Kara Mohammed
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Classifications and Functions of Polysaccharides
13.2.1 Structural Polysaccharides
13.2.2 Energy Storage Polysaccharides
13.2.3 Physiochemical Properties of Polysaccharides
13.3 Extraction of Polysaccharides
13.3.1 Extraction of Brown Seaweed Polysaccharides
13.3.2 Extraction of Red-Seaweed Polysaccharides
13.3.3 Extraction of Green Seaweed Polysaccharides
13.4 Modifications of Polysaccharides
13.5 Bioactivity of Polysaccharides
13.5.1 Plant Polysaccharides
13.5.2 Animal Polysaccharides
13.5.3 Microorganism-Based Polysaccharides
13.6 Biomedical Applications
13.6.1 Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering
13.6.2 Antitumor Activities
13.6.3 Anti-Inflammatory Activities
13.6.4 Hypoglycemic and Hypocholesterolemic Activities
13.7 Conclusion
References
Part 4: Nanopolymers
14. Nanopolymers for Smart Drug Delivery Applications
Balakumar Chandrasekaran, Mohammad F. Bayan, Layan N. Ghaith, Mays M. Hamdan, Saeed M. Marji and Ashok Kumar Balaraman
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Polymeric Nanocarriers for Smart Ocular Drug Delivery
14.3 Micelle Nanotechnology-Based Carriers for Optical Shipping
14.4 Oncology Scanning by Employing Polymeric Nanoparticles
14.5 Polymeric Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy
14.6 Gadolinium Polymeric Nanoparticles Toward Cancer Diagnosis
14.7 Oncologic Treatment Concerning Polymeric Nanoparticles
14.8 Drawbacks of Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems
14.9 Nanopolymers in Cardiac Tissue Engineering
14.10 Current Nanomedicines: Challenges and Opportunities
14.11 Dental Adhesive Therapeutic Nanopolymers
14.12 Silver Particle-Based Nanopolymers with Medicinal Properties
14.13 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
15. Polymers in Novel Drug Delivery Systems: Strategies and Enhancement of Vesicular Polymeric Nanocarrier Loaded with Bioactive Phytoconstituents for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Vijeta Bhattacharya, M. Alagusundaram, Namrata Mishra, Nem K. Jain, Ramesh Parmar, Balakumar Chandrasekaran and Mohammad F. Bayan
15.1 Introduction to Rheumatoid Arthritis
15.2 Pathophysiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis
15.3 Challenges in Current Pharmacotherapeutics for Rheumatoid Arthritis
15.4 Phytoconstituents in the Management of RA
15.4.1 Flavonoids
15.4.2 Alkaloids
15.4.3 Saponins
15.5 Challenges with Phytoconstituents
15.6 Vesicular Nanosystem as a Transdermal Drug Delivery System for RA
15.6.1 Proniosomes and Niosomes
15.6.2 Ethosomes
15.6.3 Transferosomes
15.6.4 Pharmacosomes
15.6.5 Phytosomes
15.7 Polymer-Based Nanosystem for Rheumatoid Arthritis
15.8 Conclusions
Bibliography
16. Nanosponge as a Dynamic Approach for Targeted Drug Delivery
Namrata Mishra, M. Alagusundaram, Vijeta Bhattacharya, Nem Kumar Jain and Rajwinder Kaur
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Putting Nanoparticles in a Cap
16.3 Characteristics of Nanosponges
16.4 Advantages of Nanosponges
16.5 Disadvantages of Nanosponges
16.6 Nanosponges’ Composition and Structure
16.6.1 Polymer
16.6.2 Cross-Linking Agent
16.6.3 Drug Ingredients
16.7 Factors Influencing Nanosponge Formation
16.7.1 Type of Polymers
16.7.2 Type of Drug
16.7.3 Temperature
16.7.4 Method of Preparation
16.7.5 Degree of Substitution
16.8 Characterization and Evaluation of Nanosponges
16.8.1 Thermo-Analytical Methods
16.8.2 Zeta Potential
16.8.3 X-Ray Diffractometry
16.8.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis
16.8.5 Morphology and Topography of the Surface
16.8.6 Manufacturing Process
16.8.7 Porosity
16.8.8 Loading Efficiency/Entrapment Efficiency
16.8.9 Particle Size and Polydispersity Index
16.8.10 Studies on Solubility
16.8.11 Studies on In Vitro Release
16.9 Method of Preparation
16.9.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis
16.10 Loading of Drug into Nanosponges
16.11 Mechanism of Drug Release from Nanosponges
16.12 Applications of Nanosponges
16.12.1 Cancer Treatment
16.12.2 Long-Term Delivery System
16.12.3 Increasing the Soluble Amount
16.12.4 Gas Drug Delivery System
16.12.5 Defense Against Light or Deterioration
16.12.6 Antiviral Sponges
16.12.7 Blood Purification
16.13 Conclusion
References
Part 5: Polymers in Functional Food
17. Applications of Natural Micropolymers in Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements
Nour Batarseh
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Functional Food
17.1.2 Dietary Supplements
17.1.3 Natural Polymers
17.2 Methodology
17.3 Application of Natural Micropolymers in Functional Food
17.3.1 Applications of Natural Protein-Based Micropolymers
17.3.2 Medical Applications of Protein-Based Micropolymers
17.3.3 Animal- and Plant-Based Protein Natural Micropolymers in Functional Food and Dietary Supplement Applications
17.3.3.1 Animal-Based Protein Natural Micropolymers
17.3.3.2 Plant-Based Protein Natural Micropolymers
17.4 Polysaccharides and Other Carbohydrate-Based Micropolymers in Functional Food and Dietary Supplement Applications
17.4.1 Animal-Based Polysaccharides as Natural Micropolymers
17.4.2 Plant-Based Polysaccharides as Natural Micropolymers
17.4.3 Alginate and Microbial-Based Polysaccharides as Natural Micropolymers
17.5 Lipid-Based Micropolymers in Functional Food and Dietary Supplement Applications
17.6 Conclusion
References
Abbreviations
Index
Back to Top
Preface
Part 1: Polymers as Carriers in Drug Delivery
1. Smart Polymeric Carriers for Efficient Drug Delivery
Mohammad F. Bayan and Balakumar Chandrasekaran
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Techniques for Manufacturing Smart Polymers
1.3 pH-Responsive Polymers and Their Preparation
1.4 Temperature-Responsive Polymers
1.5 Photoresponsive Polymers
1.6 Enzyme-Responsive Polymers
1.7 Glucose-Responsive Polymers
1.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
2. Polymer-Based Delivery of Novel Drugs
Ayah Kamal, Bilal Harieth Alrimawi, Abdulsalam Q. Almashhadani, Shatha Khaled Haif, Amani Marwan Ayyash, Aisha Naim Abdo, Mohamad Dayoob and Mohammad G. Al-Thiabat
2.1 Biodegradable Polymers and Biopolymers in Drug Delivery
2.1.1 Definition
2.1.2 Classification of Biopolymers
2.1.2.1 Natural Biodegradable Polymers
2.1.2.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers
2.2 Microneedles
2.2.1 Definition
2.2.2 MN Types
2.2.3 Polymers Used in MN Fabrication
2.2.4 Classification of Polymers Used in MN Fabrication
2.3 Electrospun Nanofibers for Drug Delivery System
2.3.1 Definition
2.3.2 Advantages of Polymeric Electrospun Mats in Drug Delivery
2.3.3 Hydrophilic Versus Hydrophobic Polymers
2.4 Smart Polymer
2.4.1 Definition
2.4.2 Classification of SP According to Structural Conformation
2.4.2.1 Polymers as Linear Free Chains in Solution
2.4.2.2 Covalently Cross-Linked, Reversible, and Physical Gels
2.4.2.3 Polymers in Chain Adsorbed or Surface-Grafted Form
2.4.3 Classification of SP According to the Activating Stimulus
2.4.3.1 Temperature-Sensitive Polymers
2.4.3.2 pH–Sensitive Polymers
2.4.3.3 Light-Sensitive Polymers
2.4.3.4 Magnetic Sensitive Polymers
2.4.3.5 Dual-Responsive Polymers
2.5 Polymeric-Based Hydrogel
2.5.1 Definition
2.5.2 Characteristics of Hydrogels
2.5.3 Polymers Used in Hydrogel Formulation
2.5.3.1 Natural Polymers
2.5.3.2 Synthetic Polymers
2.6 Thermoresponsive Polymers
2.6.1 Definition
2.6.2 Selected Thermoresponsive Polymers
2.6.2.1 Poly (N–Isopropyl Acrylamide)
2.6.2.2 Poloxamers
2.6.2.3 Elastin-Like Polypeptides
2.6.2.4 Polyethylene Glycol
2.6.2.5 Xyloglucan
2.6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages
2.7 Polymeric Nano-Particulate Systems
2.7.1 Definition
2.7.2 Classification of PNPSs
2.7.2.1 Classification of PNPSs Based on Morphology
2.7.2.2 Classification of PNPSs Based on Polymer Composition
2.7.2.3 Classification of PNPSs Based on Surface Functionality for Targeting Strategies
2.7.3 Advantages and Limitations of PNPSs in Drug Delivery
2.7.4 Fabrication and Synthesis
2.7.4.1 Preparation Techniques for PNPSs
2.7.4.2 Fabrication of PNPSs for Particular Applications
2.7.5 Drug Loading and Release in PNPSs
2.7.5.1 Drug Loading Strategies
2.7.5.2 Drug Release Mechanisms
2.7.6 Practical Applications of PNPSs and Regulatory Consideration
2.7.6.1 Practical Applications of PNPSs
2.7.6.2 Regulatory Considerations for PNPS Clinical Applications
2.7.7 Challenges and Future Directions in PNPS Development
References
3. Recent Advances in Polysaccharide-Based Nanoplatforms for Targeted Cancer Therapy: Innovations and Challenges in Drug Delivery Systems
Indiraleka Muthiah, Annie Aglin Antony, Premnath Dhanaraj and Malak Hani Abd Alkarim AlTurk
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Impact of Basic Pharmacological Models on Carrier Architectural Design
3.3 Cyclodextrin
3.3.1 β-Cyclodextrin
3.3.2 Inclusion Complex
3.4 Cancer
3.4.1 Lung Cancer
3.4.2 Breast Cancer
3.4.3 Kidney Cancer
3.4.4 Bone Cancer
3.4.5 Potential Anticancer Used for Delivery Approaches Based on Cyclodextrin
3.5 Traditional Drug Delivery Systems
3.6 Challenges in Traditional Drug Delivery Systems
3.6.1 Limited Bioavailability
3.6.2 Lack of Targeted Delivery
3.6.3 Poor Solubility and Stability
3.6.4 Patient Compliance
3.7 Novel Drug Delivery Systems
3.8 Polymers in NDDS
3.8.1 PLGA
3.8.2 Polyglycolic Acid
3.8.3 Poly-l-Glutamic Acid
3.8.4 Chitosan
3.8.5 Cyclodextrins
3.9 Polymer-Based Novel Drug Delivery Systems
3.9.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
3.9.2 Polymeric Micelles
3.9.3 Polymer-Drug Conjugates
3.9.4 Mucoadhesive Polymers
3.9.5 Polymer-Based Implantable Devices
3.10 Mechanisms of Drug Release
3.10.1 Diffusion-Controlled Release
3.10.2 Degradation or Erosion-Controlled Release
3.10.3 Swelling-Controlled Release
3.10.4 Stimuli-Responsive (Smart) Drug Release
3.10.5 Osmosis-Controlled Release
3.11 Factors Influencing Drug Release Mechanisms
3.11.1 Polymer Properties
3.11.2 Drug-Polymer Interactions
3.11.3 Device Geometry and Size
3.11.4 Environmental Conditions
3.12 Future Perspectives
3.13 Conclusion
References
4. Polymer-Based Drug Release to Enteral and Parenteral Routes
Himanshu Sharma, Siddhant Jai Tyagi, Phool Chandra, Anurag Verma, Sumel Ashique, Arshad Farid, Neeraj Mishra, Rashmi Pathak and Afzal Hussain
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Advantages of Novel Drug Delivery Systems
4.3 Role of Polymers in NDDSs
4.4 Types of Polymers Used in NDDSs
4.5 Synthetic Polymers
4.6 Natural Polymers
4.7 Biodegradable Polymers
4.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Synthetic Polymers
4.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Polymers
4.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biodegradable Polymers
4.11 Polymer Properties
4.11.1 Physicochemical Properties of Polymers that Influence Drug Release Kinetics in NDDSs
4.11.2 Molecular Weight and Chain Structure
4.11.3 Hydrophobicity/Hydrophilicity
4.11.4 Glass Transition Temperature
4.11.5 Solubility
4.11.6 Swelling and Degradation
4.11.7 Porosity and Pore Size
4.11.8 Cross-Linking Density
4.11.9 Polymer Concentration
4.12 Drug-Polymer Interactions
4.12.1 Diffusion-Controlled Release
4.12.2 Dissolution-Controlled Release
4.12.3 Swelling-Controlled Release
4.12.4 Erosion-Controlled Release
4.12.5 Matrix Diffusion-Controlled Release
4.12.6 Stimuli-Responsive Release
4.13 Polymer-Based NDDSs for Oral Drug Delivery
4.13.1 Nanopbook Chapters
4.13.2 Micropbook Chapters
4.13.3 Hydrogels
4.14 Polymer-Based NDDSs for Oral Cavity Applications
4.15 Polymer-Based NDDSs for Gastrointestinal Tract Target-Specific Applications
4.16 Polymer-Based NDDSs for Parenteral Drug Delivery
4.16.1 Liposomes
4.16.2 Polymeric Micelles
4.16.3 Dendrimers
4.17 Polymer-Based NDDSs for Topical Drug Delivery
4.17.1 Gels
4.17.2 Creams
4.17.3 Transdermal Patches
4.18 Nanocarriers
4.19 Applications of Polymers in Targeted Drug Delivery
4.20 Exploiting Physiological Conditions and Pathophysiological Differences
4.21 Polymer-Coated Nanopbook Chapters for Cancer Therapy
4.22 Polymer-Drug Conjugates for Specific Enzyme Targeting
4.22.1 pH-Responsive Polymer-Based Systems for Tumor Targeting
4.22.2 Temperature-Sensitive Polymers for Localized Hyperthermia Therapy
4.22.3 Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Targeted Cancer Therapy
4.22.4 Stimuli-Responsive Polymers for On-Demand Drug Release
4.23 Challenges
4.23.1 Biocompatibility and Toxicity Concerns
4.23.2 Polymer Degradation and Stability
4.23.3 Drug Loading Efficiency
4.23.4 Controlling Drug Release Kinetics
4.23.5 Scale-Up and Manufacturing Challenges
4.23.6 Immunogenicity and Immune Response
4.23.7 Clearance and Biodistribution
4.23.8 Patient-Specific Approaches
4.23.9 Regulatory Approval and Standardization
4.24 Future Perspectives
4.25 Targeting Inflammatory Diseases
4.25.1 Biomimetic Approaches
4.25.2 Targeted Theranostic Platforms
4.26 Overcoming Blood-Brain Barrier Challenges
4.27 Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Polymers
4.28 Integrating Artificial Intelligence and Computational Modeling
4.29 Conclusion
References
Part 2: Natural Polymers
5. Applications of Cellulose-Based Nanoparticles
Najlaa Saadi Ismael, Suha Telfah, Iman A. Mansi, Mohammad Abu Nuwar, Aisha Qatawneh and Rand Yasir Alkhammas
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Cellulose Sources
5.3 General Properties of Cellulose
5.4 Cellulose Chemical Structure
5.5 Application of Cellulose
5.6 Nanocellulose
5.6.1 Type of Nanocellulose
5.6.2 Properties of Nanocellulose
5.6.3 Structure of Cellulose Nanoparticles
5.6.4 Nanocellulose Production
5.6.4.1 Acid Hydrolysis
5.6.4.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
5.6.4.3 Oxidation Degradation
5.6.5 Nanocellulose Characterization Methods
5.6.5.1 Atomic Force Microscopy
5.6.5.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy
5.6.5.3 X-Ray Diffraction
5.6.5.4 Zeta Potential
5.6.6 Application of Nanocellulose
5.6.6.1 Nanocelluloses in Drug Delivery Systems
5.6.6.2 Nanocelluloses in Wound Healing Applications
5.6.6.3 Bone Tissue Regeneration and Healing
5.6.6.4 Antimicrobial Nanocelluloses
5.6.6.5 Nanocelluloses in Cancer Applications
5.6.7 Efficacy in Treatment and Minimized Toxicity
5.6.8 Future Ascents in Nanocellulose Applications
Conclusions
References
6. Applications of Alginate-Based Nanoparticles
Aisha Qatawneh, Iman A. Mansi, Suha Telfah, Najlaa Saadi Ismael and Mohammad Abu Nuwar
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 General Properties of Alginate
6.1.2 Alginate Chemical Structure
6.1.3 General Properties of NPs
6.1.4 The Importance of NPs in Drug Delivery
6.2 Preparation Methods for Alginate-Based NPs
6.2.1 Ionic Gelation
6.2.2 Covalent Cross-Linking
6.2.3 Emulsion
6.2.4 Self-Assembly
6.2.5 Complexation
6.3 Characterization of Alginate-Based NPs
6.4 Applications of Alginate-Based NPs
6.4.1 Drug Delivery Applications
6.4.2 Anticancer Applications
6.4.2.1 Introduction
6.4.2.2 Significance of NPs in Cancer Treatment
6.4.2.3 Targeted Drug Delivery
6.4.2.4 Combination Therapy
6.4.2.5 Biological Barriers and Overcoming Challenges
6.4.3 Alginate-Based NPs for Antibacterial Applications
6.4.3.1 Introduction
6.4.3.2 Significance of NPs in Antibacterial Drugs
6.4.3.3 Strategies for Enhancing Antibacterial Efficacy
6.4.4 Alginate-Based NPs for Wound Healing Applications
6.4.4.1 Wounds and Wound Healing
6.4.4.2 Wound Dressings
6.4.4.3 Alginate-Based Dressings
6.4.4.4 Alginate-Based NP Dressings
6.5 Future Perspectives and Challenges
6.6 Conclusions
References
7. Biodegradable and Biocompatible Natural Polymers in the Drug Delivery System – A New Trend toward the Enhancement of the Therapeutic Efficiencies
Rajashri R. Naik, Abeer J.M. Haddad and Ashok K. Shakya
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Drug Delivery System
7.3 Natural Biodegradable Polymers
7.3.1 Polysaccharide
7.3.1.1 Chitosan
7.3.1.2 Hyaluronic Acid
7.3.1.3 Pullulan
7.3.1.4 Alginate
7.3.2 Protein
7.3.2.1 Silk Fibroin
7.3.2.2 Collagen
7.4 Benefits and Limitation of Natural-Based Polymers
7.5 Future Perspective
7.6 Conclusion
References
8. Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Effects of Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials
Suha Telfah, Mohammad Abu Nuwar, Najlaa Saadi Ismael, Iman A. Mansi and Aisha Qatawneh
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Chitosan Abundance and Sources
8.3 Preparation and Properties of Chitosan and its Derivatives
8.4 Nanotechnology
8.4.1 Drug Carrier Preparation Using Chitosan and its Derivatives
8.4.2 Preparation Method for CS-Based Nanoparticles
8.4.3 Preparation Method for AgNPs Coated with Chitosan
8.4.4 Preparation Method for CS Nanogel
8.4.5 Preparation Method for CS Nanofiber
8.4.6 Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles
8.4.6.1 X-Ray Diffraction
8.4.6.2 Raman Spectroscopy
8.4.6.3 Electron Microscopy
8.4.6.4 Atomic Force Microscopy
8.4.6.5 Dynamic Light Scattering
8.4.7 Application of Chitosan-Based Nanomaterial
8.5 Antibacterial Effect of Chitosan-Based Nanomaterial
8.5.1 Mechanism of Antibacterial Action
8.5.2 Factors Affecting Antibacterial Activity
8.5.2.1 Influence of Bacterial Species: Gram-Positive versus Gram-Negative Bacteria
8.5.2.2 Influence of Concentrations
8.5.2.3 Influence of Bacterial Growth Stage
8.5.2.4 Influence of Zeta Potential
8.5.2.5 Influence of pH
8.5.2.6 Influence of DD and MW
8.5.2.7 Influence of Chitosan Source
8.5.3 Antimicrobial Complexes of CSNPs with Selected Materials
8.5.3.1 Antimicrobial Activity of CSNP Loaded with Antibiotics or Other Microbicidal
Substances
8.5.3.2 Antimicrobial Activity of CS/Metal Nanocomposites
8.5.3.3 Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles on Bacterial Biofilm
8.6 Skin Wound Healing Effect of Chitosan-Based Nanomaterial
8.6.1 The Process of Wound Healing
8.6.2 Natural Polymer in Skin Wound Healing
8.6.3 Functional Natural Polymers in Skin Wound Healing
8.6.4 Mechanisms of Wound Healing Effect for Biopolymer Including Chitosan
8.6.4.1 Hemostasis
8.6.4.2 Antimicrobial
8.6.4.3 Anti-Inflammation
8.6.4.4 Angiogenesis
8.6.4.5 Antioxidant
8.6.4.6 Collagen Deposition
8.6.4.7 In Vivo and In Vitro Wound Closure Rate Acceleration
8.6.5 Polymer Properties Affecting Wound Healing Processes
8.6.5.1 Influence of Molecular Weight
8.6.5.2 Influence of Degree of Deacetylation
8.6.6 Chitosan-Based Nanomaterial in Wound Healing
8.6.6.1 Chitin Nanoparticles and Wound Healing
8.6.6.2 Chitosan Nanoparticles in Wound Healing
8.6.6.3 Carboxymethyl Chitosan NPs and Wound Healing
8.6.6.4 CS-Modified Metal NPs in Wound Healing
8.6.6.5 Chitosan-Based Nanogel
8.6.6.6 Chitosan-Based Nanofiber in Wound Healing
8.7 Future Perspectives and Limitations for Chitosan Application
8.8 Conclusion
References
Part 3: Polymers in Biologicals Delivery
9. Applications of Polymers in Delivering Biologics
Juhaina M. Abu Ershaid, May Tayyem and Achmad Himawan
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Challenges of Biologics in Drug Delivery
9.2.1 Immunogenicity of Biologics
9.2.2 Low Permeability of Biologics
9.3 Routes of Administration of Biologics
9.3.1 Oral Route
9.3.2 Buccal Route
9.3.3 Sublingual Route
9.3.4 Pulmonary Route
9.3.5 Transdermal Route
9.3.6 Parenteral Route
9.4 Polymers for Delivering Biologics
9.4.1 Natural Polymers and Chemically Modified Natural Polymers
9.4.1.1 Hyaluronic Acid
9.4.1.2 Chondroitin Sulfate
9.4.1.3 Dextran
9.4.1.4 Pullulan
9.4.1.5 Alginic Acid
9.4.1.6 Chitosan
9.4.2 Synthetic Polymers
9.4.2.1 Poly(Ethylene Glycol)
9.4.2.2 Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid)
9.4.2.3 Polyglycolic Acid
9.4.2.4 Polylactic Acid
9.4.2.5 Polymers Based on Acrylic Acid Derivatives
9.4.2.6 Polycaprolactone
9.4.2.7 Polyhydroxyalkanoate
9.4.2.8 Polyanhydrides
9.4.2.9 Poly(Ortho Esters)
9.4.2.10 Poly(Ester Amides)
9.4.2.11 Poly(β-Amino Esters)
9.4.2.12 Polyamides/Proteins
9.4.2.13 Polyphosphazene
9.4.2.14 Dendrimers
9.4.2.15 Polyethylenimine
9.5 Future Prospectives
References
10. Polymers in the Biological Sciences
Abdel Naser Dakkah, Yousef Abusamra, Mohammad Aldhoun, Adnan A. Dahadha and Walideh Sayed
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biomedical Use of Polymers
10.2.1 Macromolecules (Polymers)
10.2.2 Ideal Characteristics for Biomedical Applications
10.2.2.1 Superhydrophobicity
10.2.2.2 Adhesion
10.2.2.3 Self-Healing
10.2.3 The Use of Macromolecules (Polymers)
10.3 The Importance of Polymer in Biomedical Applications
10.3.1 Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine
10.3.2 Bone Regrowth
10.3.3 Drug Delivery
10.3.4 Adjuvant Immunization
10.3.5 Dressing the Wound
10.3.6 Installers
10.3.7 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
10.3.8 Bioacoustic
10.4 Final Thoughts
Bibliography
11. Multiple Natural Polymers in the Delivery of Biological Products
Rajwinder Kaur, Varinder Singh, Md Altamash Ahmad, Diksha Choudhary, Arvind Kumar and Sandeep Kumar
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Delivery of Biologics Using Natural Polymers
11.2.1 Starch
11.2.2 Hyaluronic Acid
11.2.3 Cellulose
11.2.4 Pectin
11.2.5 Guar Gum
11.2.6 Inulin
11.2.7 Chitosan
11.2.8 Alginate
11.2.9 Carrageenans
11.2.10 Gellan
11.2.11 Dextran
11.3 Synthetic Polymers
11.3.1 PLGA
11.3.2 Poly[ethylene Glycol]
11.3.3 Polyethylenimine
11.3.4 Polycaprolactone
11.3.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoate
11.4 Microneedle Technology in the Delivery of Biologics
11.5 Conclusion
11.6 Future Prospects
References
12. Polymeric Biomaterials for Medical Implants and Devices
Himanshu Sharma, Siddhant Jai Tyagi, Prakhar Varshney, Rashmi Pathak, Sumel Ashique and Afzal Hussain
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Advantages of Polymeric Biomaterials
12.2.1 Biocompatibility
12.2.2 Versatility
12.2.3 Tunable Degradation
12.2.4 Drug Delivery
12.2.5 Tissue Engineering
12.2.6 Ease of Processing
12.3 Disadvantages of Polymeric Biomaterials
12.3.1 Mechanical Properties
12.3.2 Biodegradation
12.3.3 Immune Response
12.3.4 Biostability
12.3.5 Manufacturing Complexity
12.3.6 Regulatory Considerations
12.4 Categories of Medical Devices and Implants
12.4.1 Diagnostic Devices
12.4.2 Therapeutic Devices
12.4.3 Surgical Instruments
12.4.4 Implants
12.4.5 Prosthetics
12.4.6 Assistive Devices
12.4.7 Monitoring and Rehabilitation Devices
12.4.8 Dental Devices
12.4.9 Ophthalmic Devices
12.4.10 In Vitro Diagnostic Devices
12.5 Polymeric Materials for Medical Devices and Implants
12.5.1 Polyvinylidene Fluoride
12.5.1.1 Biocompatibility
12.5.1.2 Mechanical Properties
12.5.1.3 Chemical Resistance
12.5.1.4 Electrical Properties
12.5.1.5 Radiolucency
12.5.1.6 Sterilization Compatibility
12.5.1.7 Versatile Processing Techniques
12.5.1.8 Antifouling and Antimicrobial Properties
12.5.2 Polypropylene
12.5.2.1 Biocompatibility
12.5.2.2 Mechanical Properties
12.5.2.3 Chemical Resistance
12.5.2.4 Lightweight
12.5.2.5 Cost-Effectiveness
12.5.2.6 Sterilization Compatibility
12.5.2.7 Resistance to Fatigue and Stress Cracking
12.5.2.8 Versatile Processing Techniques
12.5.3 Polyethylene
12.5.3.1 Biocompatibility
12.5.3.2 Mechanical Properties
12.5.3.3 Wear Resistance
12.5.3.4 Chemical Resistance
12.5.3.5 Low Friction Coefficient
12.5.3.6 Radiolucency
12.5.3.7 Sterilization Compatibility
12.5.3.8 Versatile Processing Techniques
12.5.4 Polymethylmethacrylate
12.5.4.1 Bone Cement
12.5.4.2 Dental Prosthetics
12.5.4.3 Ophthalmic Implants
12.5.4.4 Cosmetic and Reconstructive Surgery
12.5.4.5 Drug Delivery Systems
12.5.4.6 Surgical Instruments and Tools
12.5.4.7 Research and Testing Models
12.5.5 Polyurethane
12.5.5.1 Biocompatibility
12.5.5.2 Flexibility and Elasticity
12.5.5.3 Durability and Strength
12.5.5.4 Tunable Hardness
12.5.5.5 Resilience and Impact Resistance
12.5.5.6 Biostability and Resistance to Degradation
12.5.5.7 Coating and Encapsulation
12.5.5.8 Drug Delivery Systems
12.5.6 Polytetrafluoroethylene
12.5.6.1 Biocompatibility
12.5.6.2 Low Friction and Nonstick Properties
12.5.6.3 Chemical Resistance
12.5.6.4 Lubricity
12.5.6.5 Electrical Insulation
12.5.6.6 Radiolucency
12.5.6.7 Implant Applications
12.5.6.8 Drug Delivery Systems
12.5.7 Polyimide
12.5.7.1 Biocompatibility
12.5.7.2 Flexibility and Toughness
12.5.7.3 Thermal Stability
12.5.7.4 Electrical Insulation
12.5.7.5 Radiolucency
12.5.7.6 Chemical Resistance
12.5.7.7 Biostability and Resistance to Degradation
12.5.7.8 Microfabrication and Miniaturization
12.5.8 Liquid Crystal Polymer
12.5.8.1 Biocompatibility
12.5.8.2 High Strength and Stiffness
12.5.8.3 Chemical Resistance
12.5.8.4 Dimensional Stability
12.5.8.5 Radiolucency
12.5.8.6 Electrical Properties
12.5.8.7 Miniaturization and Complex Geometries
12.5.8.8 Low Moisture Absorption
12.6 Different Forms of Natural and Synthetic Smart Polymeric Biomaterials
12.6.1 Polymeric Films
12.6.1.1 Barrier Properties
12.6.1.2 Biocompatibility
12.6.1.3 Drug Delivery
12.6.1.4 Adhesion and Bonding
12.6.1.5 Flexibility and Conformability
12.6.1.6 Biodegradability
12.6.1.7 Optical Properties
12.6.1.8 Electrostatic Dissipation
12.6.2 Polymeric Sponges
12.6.2.1 Absorption and Fluid Management
12.6.2.2 Biocompatibility
12.6.2.3 Drug Delivery
12.6.2.4 Scaffold Structures
12.6.2.5 Compression and Support
12.6.2.6 Hemostasis and Sealing
12.6.2.7 Tissue Engineering
12.6.2.8 Biodegradability
12.6.3 Hydrogels
12.6.3.1 Biocompatibility
12.6.3.2 Water Absorption and Swelling
12.6.3.3 Soft and Gel-Like Consistency
12.6.3.4 Drug Delivery
12.6.3.5 Tissue Engineering
12.6.3.6 Adhesion and Sealing
12.6.3.7 Lubrication and Lubricious Coatings
12.6.3.8 Bioactive Functionalities
12.7 Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Hydrogels
12.7.1 Responsive Behavior
12.7.2 Drug Delivery
12.7.3 Tissue Engineering
12.7.4 Controlled Release
12.7.5 Biosensors and Diagnostics
12.7.6 Controlled Cell Culture Environments
12.7.7 Shape Memory and Self-Healing Materials
12.8 Injectable Hydrogels
12.8.1 Minimally Invasive Delivery
12.8.2 Conformability and Filling Ability
12.8.3 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
12.8.4 Drug Delivery Systems
12.8.5 Filling and Sealing of Defects
12.8.6 Biocompatibility and Biodegradability
12.8.7 Enhanced Surgical Precision
12.8.8 Tissue Augmentation and Esthetics
12.9 Shape Memory Polymeric Materials
12.9.1 Minimally Invasive Procedures
12.9.2 Implant Fixation and Anchorage
12.9.3 Stents and Vascular Devices
12.9.4 Controlled Drug Delivery
12.9.5 Tissue Engineering and Scaffolds
12.9.6 Dynamic Medical Devices
12.9.7 Biocompatibility and Durability
12.10 3D Printed Polymeric Biomaterials
12.10.1 Thermoplastic
12.10.1.1 Customization and Patient-Specific Design
12.10.1.2 Design Flexibility and Complexity
12.10.1.3 Biocompatibility and Biomimicry
12.10.1.4 Tailored Mechanical Properties
12.10.1.5 Porosity and Permeability Control
12.10.1.6 Drug Delivery System
12.10.1.7 Accelerated Prototyping and Production
12.10.1.8 Regulatory Considerations
12.10.2 3D Printed Hydrogels
12.10.2.1 Complex and Customizable Structures
12.10.2.2 Precise Control of Internal Architecture
12.10.2.3 Biomimetic Properties
12.10.2.4 Spatial Control of Bioactive Agents
12.10.2.5 Tunable Mechanical Properties
12.10.2.6 Patient-Specific Drug Delivery
12.10.2.7 Integration of Multiple Materials
12.10.2.8 Rapid Prototyping and Customization
12.11 Limitations/Challenges of Polymeric Biomaterials for Medical Implants and Devices
12.11.1 Mechanical Properties
12.11.2 Degradation and Stability
12.11.3 Biocompatibility and Inflammatory Response
12.11.4 Sterilization Challenges
12.11.5 Material Processing and Manufacturing
12.11.6 Lack of Long-Term Clinical Data
12.11.7 Regulatory Considerations
12.11.8 Material Selection and Compatibility
12.12 Future Trends
12.12.1 Advanced Biocompatible Materials
12.12.2 Bioactive and Bioresorbable Materials
12.12.3 Smart and Stimuli-Responsive Materials
12.12.4 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing
12.12.5 Hybrid and Composite Materials
12.12.6 Biofabrication and Tissue Engineering
12.12.7 Surface Modifications and Coatings
12.12.8 Biodegradable Electronics
12.12.9 Regenerative Medicine and Personalized Medicine
12.12.10 Improved Safety and Regulatory Considerations
12.13 Conclusion
References
13. Polymeric Polysaccharides for Biomedical Applications
Sathianarayanan Sankaran, Asha Jose, Fatima Jihad Hussein and Wafa’a Kara Mohammed
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Classifications and Functions of Polysaccharides
13.2.1 Structural Polysaccharides
13.2.2 Energy Storage Polysaccharides
13.2.3 Physiochemical Properties of Polysaccharides
13.3 Extraction of Polysaccharides
13.3.1 Extraction of Brown Seaweed Polysaccharides
13.3.2 Extraction of Red-Seaweed Polysaccharides
13.3.3 Extraction of Green Seaweed Polysaccharides
13.4 Modifications of Polysaccharides
13.5 Bioactivity of Polysaccharides
13.5.1 Plant Polysaccharides
13.5.2 Animal Polysaccharides
13.5.3 Microorganism-Based Polysaccharides
13.6 Biomedical Applications
13.6.1 Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering
13.6.2 Antitumor Activities
13.6.3 Anti-Inflammatory Activities
13.6.4 Hypoglycemic and Hypocholesterolemic Activities
13.7 Conclusion
References
Part 4: Nanopolymers
14. Nanopolymers for Smart Drug Delivery Applications
Balakumar Chandrasekaran, Mohammad F. Bayan, Layan N. Ghaith, Mays M. Hamdan, Saeed M. Marji and Ashok Kumar Balaraman
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Polymeric Nanocarriers for Smart Ocular Drug Delivery
14.3 Micelle Nanotechnology-Based Carriers for Optical Shipping
14.4 Oncology Scanning by Employing Polymeric Nanoparticles
14.5 Polymeric Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy
14.6 Gadolinium Polymeric Nanoparticles Toward Cancer Diagnosis
14.7 Oncologic Treatment Concerning Polymeric Nanoparticles
14.8 Drawbacks of Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems
14.9 Nanopolymers in Cardiac Tissue Engineering
14.10 Current Nanomedicines: Challenges and Opportunities
14.11 Dental Adhesive Therapeutic Nanopolymers
14.12 Silver Particle-Based Nanopolymers with Medicinal Properties
14.13 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
15. Polymers in Novel Drug Delivery Systems: Strategies and Enhancement of Vesicular Polymeric Nanocarrier Loaded with Bioactive Phytoconstituents for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Vijeta Bhattacharya, M. Alagusundaram, Namrata Mishra, Nem K. Jain, Ramesh Parmar, Balakumar Chandrasekaran and Mohammad F. Bayan
15.1 Introduction to Rheumatoid Arthritis
15.2 Pathophysiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis
15.3 Challenges in Current Pharmacotherapeutics for Rheumatoid Arthritis
15.4 Phytoconstituents in the Management of RA
15.4.1 Flavonoids
15.4.2 Alkaloids
15.4.3 Saponins
15.5 Challenges with Phytoconstituents
15.6 Vesicular Nanosystem as a Transdermal Drug Delivery System for RA
15.6.1 Proniosomes and Niosomes
15.6.2 Ethosomes
15.6.3 Transferosomes
15.6.4 Pharmacosomes
15.6.5 Phytosomes
15.7 Polymer-Based Nanosystem for Rheumatoid Arthritis
15.8 Conclusions
Bibliography
16. Nanosponge as a Dynamic Approach for Targeted Drug Delivery
Namrata Mishra, M. Alagusundaram, Vijeta Bhattacharya, Nem Kumar Jain and Rajwinder Kaur
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Putting Nanoparticles in a Cap
16.3 Characteristics of Nanosponges
16.4 Advantages of Nanosponges
16.5 Disadvantages of Nanosponges
16.6 Nanosponges’ Composition and Structure
16.6.1 Polymer
16.6.2 Cross-Linking Agent
16.6.3 Drug Ingredients
16.7 Factors Influencing Nanosponge Formation
16.7.1 Type of Polymers
16.7.2 Type of Drug
16.7.3 Temperature
16.7.4 Method of Preparation
16.7.5 Degree of Substitution
16.8 Characterization and Evaluation of Nanosponges
16.8.1 Thermo-Analytical Methods
16.8.2 Zeta Potential
16.8.3 X-Ray Diffractometry
16.8.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis
16.8.5 Morphology and Topography of the Surface
16.8.6 Manufacturing Process
16.8.7 Porosity
16.8.8 Loading Efficiency/Entrapment Efficiency
16.8.9 Particle Size and Polydispersity Index
16.8.10 Studies on Solubility
16.8.11 Studies on In Vitro Release
16.9 Method of Preparation
16.9.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis
16.10 Loading of Drug into Nanosponges
16.11 Mechanism of Drug Release from Nanosponges
16.12 Applications of Nanosponges
16.12.1 Cancer Treatment
16.12.2 Long-Term Delivery System
16.12.3 Increasing the Soluble Amount
16.12.4 Gas Drug Delivery System
16.12.5 Defense Against Light or Deterioration
16.12.6 Antiviral Sponges
16.12.7 Blood Purification
16.13 Conclusion
References
Part 5: Polymers in Functional Food
17. Applications of Natural Micropolymers in Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements
Nour Batarseh
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Functional Food
17.1.2 Dietary Supplements
17.1.3 Natural Polymers
17.2 Methodology
17.3 Application of Natural Micropolymers in Functional Food
17.3.1 Applications of Natural Protein-Based Micropolymers
17.3.2 Medical Applications of Protein-Based Micropolymers
17.3.3 Animal- and Plant-Based Protein Natural Micropolymers in Functional Food and Dietary Supplement Applications
17.3.3.1 Animal-Based Protein Natural Micropolymers
17.3.3.2 Plant-Based Protein Natural Micropolymers
17.4 Polysaccharides and Other Carbohydrate-Based Micropolymers in Functional Food and Dietary Supplement Applications
17.4.1 Animal-Based Polysaccharides as Natural Micropolymers
17.4.2 Plant-Based Polysaccharides as Natural Micropolymers
17.4.3 Alginate and Microbial-Based Polysaccharides as Natural Micropolymers
17.5 Lipid-Based Micropolymers in Functional Food and Dietary Supplement Applications
17.6 Conclusion
References
Abbreviations
Index
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