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Submit a ProposalThe Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Companion
 | By Michael D. Holloway Copyright: 2025 | Expected Pub Date:2025// ISBN: 9781394355082 | Hardcover | 820 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
The Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Companion is essential for both students and professionals, as it provides quick, clear explanations on critical topics in analytical chemistry, equipping you with the statistical tools necessary to ensure accurate and reliable data interpretation.
Audience
Educators, undergraduate and graduate students, professional chemists, laboratory technicians, and researchers studying chemistry, biochemistry, environmental science, materials science, and related fields
Educators, undergraduate and graduate students, professional chemists, laboratory technicians, and researchers studying chemistry, biochemistry, environmental science, materials science, and related fields
Description
The Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Companion serves as a reference guide for students and professionals alike who need quick explanations on specific topics, laboratory operations, the structure of designing experiments, and the use of statistics to gain increased accuracy, precision, repeatability, and reproducibility of data. This volume will also provide in-depth and advanced studies and build the necessary background knowledge for success in the field.
This companion provides a concise examination of the various analytical tools used for chemistry, and defines basic analytical instrument principles, techniques, and applications in addition to exploring statistical tools useful in data interpretation, test result reporting, and common root causes for faulty data with suggested remedies. The introduction provides a concise guide on foundational topics such as developing standard operating procedures, laboratory safety, instrumental analytical methods, and common statistical tools useful for data interpretation. This companion covers both wet chemical and instrumental analysis, including their principles, applications, and pitfalls. The Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Companion is a must-have, comprehensive guide in the field of analytical chemistry.
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The Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Companion serves as a reference guide for students and professionals alike who need quick explanations on specific topics, laboratory operations, the structure of designing experiments, and the use of statistics to gain increased accuracy, precision, repeatability, and reproducibility of data. This volume will also provide in-depth and advanced studies and build the necessary background knowledge for success in the field.
This companion provides a concise examination of the various analytical tools used for chemistry, and defines basic analytical instrument principles, techniques, and applications in addition to exploring statistical tools useful in data interpretation, test result reporting, and common root causes for faulty data with suggested remedies. The introduction provides a concise guide on foundational topics such as developing standard operating procedures, laboratory safety, instrumental analytical methods, and common statistical tools useful for data interpretation. This companion covers both wet chemical and instrumental analysis, including their principles, applications, and pitfalls. The Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Companion is a must-have, comprehensive guide in the field of analytical chemistry.
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Author / Editor Details
Michael D. Holloway is President of 5th Order Industry, which provides competency development and training. He has over 38 years of industry and holds 16 professional certifications. His publications include eight authored books, numerous contributions to other books, and a patent. He is an expert in failure analysis, reliability engineering, and designed experiments for science and engineering.
Michael D. Holloway is President of 5th Order Industry, which provides competency development and training. He has over 38 years of industry and holds 16 professional certifications. His publications include eight authored books, numerous contributions to other books, and a patent. He is an expert in failure analysis, reliability engineering, and designed experiments for science and engineering.
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Table of Contents
Forward
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Wet Chemical Analysis
Wet Chemical Methods
Titration Methods
Gravimetric Methods
Colorimetric Methods
Precipitation Methods
Extraction Methods
Instrumental Chemical Analysis
Common Chemical Analysis Techniques
Thermal Analysis
Applications of Chemical Analysis Techniques
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
How to Decide on Which Instrumental Analytical Methods to Use
Analysis Reasoning
Why Spectroscopy?
Why Chromatography?
Why Wet Chemical Methods?
Why Electrochemical Methods?
Why Microscopy?
Why Elemental Analysis?
Why Thermal Analysis?
Establishing a Designed Experiment (DoX)
Steps in the DoX Selection Process
Setting Up the DoX
Laboratory Management
Samples
The Significance of Standardized Sample Preparation
Developing and Implementing Standardized Sample Preparation Procedures
Benefits of Standardized Sample Preparation
Developing and Maintaining a Robust Sample Management System in an Analytical Laboratory: Ensuring Sample Integrity and Preventing Cross-Contamination
The Significance of Sample Management
Developing a Robust Sample Management System
Maintaining Sample Management Integrity
Instrumentation
The Importance of Preventive Maintenance and Calibration
Establishing a Preventive Maintenance Schedule and Calibration Program
The Significance of Instrument Validation
Validating Analytical Instruments
Benefits of Instrument Validation
Establishing and Maintaining Comprehensive Records
Benefits of Comprehensive Record-Keeping
Validating and Verifying Analytical Methods: Ensuring Accuracy and Precision in an Analytical Laboratory
The Importance of Validation and Verification
Method Validation
Method Verification
Continuous Monitoring and Maintenance
Regularly Updating Methods and Maintaining Documentation: Ensuring Methodological Excellence in an Analytical Laboratory and The Significance of Regular Method Updates and Documentation
Regular Method Updates
Maintaining Documentation
Quality
Components of a QMS
Benefits of Implementing a QMS
Establishing and Maintaining Quality Control Procedures for Analytical Laboratories: Ensuring Accuracy and Reliability of Analytical Results
The Significance of Quality Control Procedures
Establishing Quality Control Procedures
Benefits of Quality Control Procedures
Data
Implementing a Secure Data Management System for Analytical Laboratories: Ensuring Data Integrity and Reliability
The Significance of Secure Data Management
Implementing a Secure Data Management System
Data Management System Benefits
The Significance of Data Retention Policies
Developing Data Retention Policies
Benefits of Data Retention Policies
The Significance of Calibration and Verification
Establishing a Calibration Schedule and Verification Protocols
Benefits of Calibration and Verification
The Significance of Comprehensive Documentation
Establishing a Comprehensive Documentation System
Benefits of Comprehensive Documentation
Audit Preparedness
Preparing for Audits and Inspections
Benefits of Audit Preparedness
The Significance of Emergency Response Plans
Developing and Regularly Reviewing Emergency Response Plans
Benefits of Emergency Response Plans
Regulatory Compliance
Staying Up-to-Date with Regulations and Standards
Benefits of Regulatory Compliance
Designing and Maintaining Laboratory Facilities: Ensuring Optimal Environmental Control in an Analytical Laboratory
The Importance of Environmental Control
Designing Laboratory Facilities with Environmental Controls
Maintaining Environmental Control
Accurate Inventory Management
Maintaining Accurate Inventories and Stock Management
Benefits of Accurate Inventory Management
The Significance of Proper Waste Disposal
Establishing and Implementing Proper Waste Disposal Procedures
Benefits of Proper Waste Disposal
Effective Communication and Collaboration
Fostering Effective Communication and Collaboration
Benefits of Effective Communication and Collaboration
Delivering Excellent Client Service
Benefits of Excellent Client Service
The Significance of Continuous Improvement
Implementing a Culture of Continuous Improvement
Benefits of Continuous Improvement
Staff
Implementing and Maintaining a Qualified Staff
Benefits of a Qualified Staff
The Significance of Training and Professional Development
Establishing a Training and Professional Development Program
Benefits of Training and Professional Development Programs
Laboratory Financial Considerations
General Accounting for the Laboratory
Establishing a Budget
Developing a Standard Operating Procedure
Laboratory Safety
Common Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Glassware Considerations
Abbreviations Used in Analytical Chemistry
Abbreviations for Reagents and Substances
Abbreviations for Units and Measurements:
Abbreviations for Analytical Techniques and Instruments
Part 1: Wet Chemistry
Titration
Acid-Base Titrations
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Redox Titration
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Complexometric Titration
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Gravimetric Methods
Precipitation Gravimetry
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Volatilization Gravimetry
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Precipitation Methods
Selective Precipitation
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Extraction Methods
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE)
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Digestion Methods
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Colorimetric Methods
UV-Visible Spectrophotometry (Wet Chemistry Method)
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Part 2: Instrumental Analysis
Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Principles
MRI Techniques
Components
Applications of MRI in Chemical Analysis
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations
Raman Spectroscopy
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications of Raman Spectroscopy
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations of Raman Spectroscopy
Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Reporting Test Results
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies of Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy
Abbreviations of Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy
Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)
Principles
Techniques
Applications
Components
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations
X-Ray Crystallography
Principles
Key Principles of X-Ray Crystallography
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations used in X-Ray Crystallography
Microscopy
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Abbreviations for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Abbreviations for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Specialized Statistical Tools
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Principles
SEM Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations
Chromatography
Gas Chromatography
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations Used for Gas Chromatography
Liquid Chromatography (LC)
Principles
Techniques of Liquid Chromatography in Analytical Chemistry
Components
Applications of Liquid Chromatography in Analytical Chemistry
Statistical Tools
Test Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Additional Measures
Abbreviations of Liquid Chromatography in Analytical Chemistry
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Principles
GC-MS Techniques
Components
Applications of GC-MS
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations Used in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS)
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications of ESI-MS
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations for Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS)
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry Techniques
Applications of Electrochemistry
Potentiometry
Principles
Techniques of Potentiometry
Components
Applications of Potentiometry
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation of Potentiometry for Analytical Chemistry
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies for Potentiometry
Abbreviations for Potentiometry
Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Useful Statistical Tools for Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) in Analytical Chemistry
Test Reporting for Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) for Analytical Chemistry
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies for Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)
Abbreviations of Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)
Amperometry
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Useful Statistical Tools
Test Reporting
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Common Root Causes
Abbreviations
Chronoamperometry
Principles
Techniques of Chronoamperometry in Analytical Chemistry
Components
Applications of Chronoamperometry in Analytical Chemistry
Statistical Tools used in Chronoamperometry for Analytical
Chemistry
Test Reporting Used in Chronoamperometry for Analytical Chemistry
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and Remedies for Chronoamperometry in Analytical Chemistry
Abbreviations for Chronoamperometry in Analytical Chemistry Electrogravimetry
Principles
Techniques of Electrogravimetry in Analytical Chemistry
Components
Applications of Electrogravimetry in Analytical Chemistry
Statistical Tools Used in Electrogravimetry
Test Reporting used in Electrogravimetry
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and Remedies for Electrogravimetry
Abbreviations for Electrogravimetry in Analytical Chemistry
Elemental Analysis
Principles of Elemental Analysis
Common Elemental Analysis Techniques
Applications of Elemental Analysis
Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications of Inductively Coupled Plasma
Statistical Tools used for Inductively Coupled Plasma
Test Reporting of Inductively Coupled Plasma
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and Remedies for Inductively Coupled Plasma
Abbreviations of Inductively Coupled Plasma
X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
Principles
Techniques X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting of X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) for Analytical Chemistry
Abbreviations of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) for Analytical Chemistry
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
General Principles
Key Principles and Concepts
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
Principles
Techniques of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) for Analytical Chemistry
Carbon-Hydrogen-Nitrogen-Sulfur (CHNS) Analysis
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations
Physical Property Tests
Density and Refractive Index Measurements
Principles
Techniques
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation for Density Measurements
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations for Density Measurements
Refractive Index Measurements
Principles
Techniques
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations for Refractive Index Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
Part 3: Thermal Analysis
Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DTMA) and Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA)
Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA)
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data interpretation for Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA) Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
Test Result Reporting for Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA) Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and the Suggested Remedies for Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA) Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
Abbreviations for Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA) Used in Analytical Chemistry
Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DTMA)
Principles of Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DTMA) in Analytical Chemistry
Techniques of Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DTMA) in Analytical Chemistry
Components
Applications of Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DTMA) Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation for Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DTMA) Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
Test Result Reporting for Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DTMA) Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and the Suggested Remedies for Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DTMA) Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
Abbreviations for Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DTMA) Used in Analytical Chemistry
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and the Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data interpretation
Test Result Reporting for Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and the Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations for Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) Used in Analytical Chemistry
Appendix
Laboratory Management
Samples
The Significance of Standardized Sample Preparation
Developing and Implementing Standardized Sample Preparation Procedures
Benefits of Standardized Sample Preparation
Developing and Maintaining a Robust Sample Management System in an Analytical Laboratory: Ensuring Sample Integrity and Preventing Cross-Contamination
The Significance of Sample Management
Developing a Robust Sample Management System
Maintaining Sample Management Integrity
Instrumentation
The Importance of Preventive Maintenance and Calibration
Establishing a Preventive Maintenance Schedule and Calibration Program
The Significance of Instrument Validation
Validating Analytical Instruments
Benefits of Instrument Validation
Establishing and Maintaining Comprehensive Records
Benefits of Comprehensive Record-Keeping
Validating and Verifying Analytical Methods: Ensuring Accuracy and Precision in an Analytical Laboratory
The Importance of Validation and Verification
Method Validation
Method Verification
Continuous Monitoring and Maintenance
Regularly Updating Methods and Maintaining Documentation: Ensuring Methodological Excellence in an Analytical Laboratory and The Significance of Regular Method Updates and Documentation
Regular Method Updates
Maintaining Documentation
Control Charts
X-Bar Control Chart
R Control Chart
Calibration Curve with Regression Analysis
Control Charts for Replicates
I-MR Chart
X-Bar Chart
R Chart
Method Validation
Linearity Curve
Regression Analysis
Linear Regression
Multiple Regression
Polynomial Regression
Multivariate Analysis
Principal Component Analysis
Cluster Analysis
Gauge R & R
A Bar Chart (showing part-part variation, repeatability, and reproducibility)
R Chart (to analyze repeatability)
A Scatter Plot (showing measurements taken for each part)
A Box Plot (comparing measurements from different appraisers)
Youden Plot
Control Chart for Precision
X-Bar Chart
R Chart
Control Charts for Accuracy
Shewhart Chart
Levey-Jennings Chart
Control Charts for Repeatability & Reproducibility
R Chart
CUSUM Chart
Precision Control Chart
X-Bar Chart
R Chart
Accuracy Control Chart
Bias Chart
Repeatability Control Chart
Individual Chart
Reproducibility Control Chart
p Chart
Calibration Curves
Accuracy Calibration Curves
Repeatability Calibration Curves
Reproducibility Calibration Curves
Linearity Calibration Curves
Quality
Components of a QMS
Benefits of Implementing a QMS
Establishing and Maintaining Quality Control Procedures for Analytical Laboratories: Ensuring Accuracy and Reliability of Analytical Results
The Significance of Quality Control Procedures
Establishing Quality Control Procedures
Benefits of Quality Control Procedures
Data
Implementing a Secure Data Management System for Analytical Laboratories: Ensuring Data Integrity and Reliability
The Significance of Secure Data Management
Implementing a Secure Data Management System
Data Management System Benefits
The Significance of Data Retention Policies
Developing Data Retention Policies
Benefits of Data Retention Policies
The Significance of Calibration and Verification
Establishing a Calibration Schedule and Verification Protocols
Benefits of Calibration and Verification
The Significance of Comprehensive Documentation
Establishing a Comprehensive Documentation System
Benefits of Comprehensive Documentation
Audit Preparedness
Preparing for Audits and Inspections
Benefits of Audit Preparedness
The Significance of Emergency Response Plans
Developing and Regularly Reviewing Emergency Response Plans
Benefits of Emergency Response Plans
Regulatory Compliance
Staying Up-to-Date with Regulations and Standards
Benefits of Regulatory Compliance
Designing and Maintaining Laboratory Facilities: Ensuring Optimal Environmental Control in an Analytical Laboratory
The Importance of Environmental Control
Designing Laboratory Facilities with Environmental Controls
Maintaining Environmental Control
Accurate Inventory Management
Maintaining Accurate Inventories and Stock Management
Benefits of Accurate Inventory Management
The Significance of Proper Waste Disposal
Establishing and Implementing Proper Waste Disposal Procedures
Benefits of Proper Waste Disposal
Effective Communication and Collaboration
Fostering Effective Communication and Collaboration
Benefits of Effective Communication and Collaboration
Excellent Client Service
Delivering Excellent Client Service
Benefits of Excellent Client Service
The Significance of Continuous Improvement
Implementing a Culture of Continuous Improvement
Benefits of Continuous Improvement
Staff
Implementing and Maintaining a Qualified Staff
Benefits of a Qualified Staff
The Significance of Training and Professional Development
Establishing a Training and Professional Development Program
Benefits of Training and Professional Development Programs
Laboratory Financial Considerations
General Accounting for the Laboratory
Statistical Tools Used for Analysis of Precision, Accuracy, Repeatability, and Reproducibility in Analytical Labs
Laboratory Statistics
For Precision
Variance (Var)/Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Relative Standard Deviation (RSD)
Coefficient of Variation (CV)
Control Charts
For Accuracy
Bias Analysis
Calibration Curves
Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)
Recovery Experiments
For Repeatability & Reproducibility
Intra-Assay Variation
Control Charts for Replicates
Method Validation
Ring Tests
Additional Tools
Regression Analysis
Multivariate Statistics
Grubbs’ Test
Gauge R&R
Youden Plot
Statistical Tools Used for Analysis of Precision, Accuracy, Repeatability, and Reproducibility
Precision
Accuracy
Repeatability
Reproducibility
Examples
Standard Deviation Analysis
Precision Assessment
Accuracy Assessment
Repeatability Assessment
Reproducibility Assessment
Linearity Assessment
Matrix Effect Assessment
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Precision Assessment - One-Way ANOVA
Accuracy Assessment - Two-Way ANOVA
Repeatability Assessment - One-Way ANOVA
Reproducibility Assessment - Two-Way ANOVA
Linearity Assessment - Simple Linear Regression ANOVA
Matrix Effect Assessment - Two-Way ANOVA
Relative Standard Deviation (RSD)
Precision
Accuracy
Reproducibility
Repeatability
Linearity Assessment - RSD for Linearity
Matrix Effect Assessment - RSD for Matrix Effect
Control Charts
Precision
Accuracy
Repeatability and Reproducibility
Bias Analysis
Methods for Bias Analysis
Calibration Curves
Other Examples
Standard Reference Analysis
Recovery Experiments
Intra-Assay Variation Analysis
Ring Tests
Grubbs’ Test
Gauge R&R
Youden Plots
Review of Chemical Synthesis
I. Organic Chemistry Reactions
II. Inorganic Chemistry Reactions
III. Physical Chemical Reactions
Thermodynamics
Chemical Kinetics
Quantum Mechanics
Electrochemistry
Synthesis Routes in Physical Chemistry
IV. Analytical Chemistry Reactions
Analytical Chemistry Synthesis Routes
V. Biochemistry Reactions
Synthesis Routes for Biochemistry
VI. Organic Polymer Chemical Reactions
Organic Polymer Chemistry Synthesis Routes
VII. Inorganic Polymer Reactions
Inorganic Polymer Chemistry Synthesis Routes
VIII. Nuclear Chemical Reactions
Nuclear Chemistry Synthesis Routes
IX. Material Science Chemistry
Synthesis Routes in Material Science
X. Crystallization Chemical Reactions
Crystallization Chemical Synthesis Routes
XI. Metal Alloy Chemical Reactions
Metallic Alloy Synthesis Routes
XII. Ceramic Chemistry Reactions
Ceramic Chemical Synthesis Routes
XIII. Self-Replicating Molecules
Chemistry Designed Experiments
Factorial Designs
Fractional Factorial Designs
Central Composite Design (CCD)
Screening Designs
Hadamard Designs
Optimization Designs
One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) Designs
Nested Designs
Taguchi Method
Sequential Experimentation Design
Forced Failure Method
References and Review
Index
Back to Top
Forward
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Wet Chemical Analysis
Wet Chemical Methods
Titration Methods
Gravimetric Methods
Colorimetric Methods
Precipitation Methods
Extraction Methods
Instrumental Chemical Analysis
Common Chemical Analysis Techniques
Thermal Analysis
Applications of Chemical Analysis Techniques
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
How to Decide on Which Instrumental Analytical Methods to Use
Analysis Reasoning
Why Spectroscopy?
Why Chromatography?
Why Wet Chemical Methods?
Why Electrochemical Methods?
Why Microscopy?
Why Elemental Analysis?
Why Thermal Analysis?
Establishing a Designed Experiment (DoX)
Steps in the DoX Selection Process
Setting Up the DoX
Laboratory Management
Samples
The Significance of Standardized Sample Preparation
Developing and Implementing Standardized Sample Preparation Procedures
Benefits of Standardized Sample Preparation
Developing and Maintaining a Robust Sample Management System in an Analytical Laboratory: Ensuring Sample Integrity and Preventing Cross-Contamination
The Significance of Sample Management
Developing a Robust Sample Management System
Maintaining Sample Management Integrity
Instrumentation
The Importance of Preventive Maintenance and Calibration
Establishing a Preventive Maintenance Schedule and Calibration Program
The Significance of Instrument Validation
Validating Analytical Instruments
Benefits of Instrument Validation
Establishing and Maintaining Comprehensive Records
Benefits of Comprehensive Record-Keeping
Validating and Verifying Analytical Methods: Ensuring Accuracy and Precision in an Analytical Laboratory
The Importance of Validation and Verification
Method Validation
Method Verification
Continuous Monitoring and Maintenance
Regularly Updating Methods and Maintaining Documentation: Ensuring Methodological Excellence in an Analytical Laboratory and The Significance of Regular Method Updates and Documentation
Regular Method Updates
Maintaining Documentation
Quality
Components of a QMS
Benefits of Implementing a QMS
Establishing and Maintaining Quality Control Procedures for Analytical Laboratories: Ensuring Accuracy and Reliability of Analytical Results
The Significance of Quality Control Procedures
Establishing Quality Control Procedures
Benefits of Quality Control Procedures
Data
Implementing a Secure Data Management System for Analytical Laboratories: Ensuring Data Integrity and Reliability
The Significance of Secure Data Management
Implementing a Secure Data Management System
Data Management System Benefits
The Significance of Data Retention Policies
Developing Data Retention Policies
Benefits of Data Retention Policies
The Significance of Calibration and Verification
Establishing a Calibration Schedule and Verification Protocols
Benefits of Calibration and Verification
The Significance of Comprehensive Documentation
Establishing a Comprehensive Documentation System
Benefits of Comprehensive Documentation
Audit Preparedness
Preparing for Audits and Inspections
Benefits of Audit Preparedness
The Significance of Emergency Response Plans
Developing and Regularly Reviewing Emergency Response Plans
Benefits of Emergency Response Plans
Regulatory Compliance
Staying Up-to-Date with Regulations and Standards
Benefits of Regulatory Compliance
Designing and Maintaining Laboratory Facilities: Ensuring Optimal Environmental Control in an Analytical Laboratory
The Importance of Environmental Control
Designing Laboratory Facilities with Environmental Controls
Maintaining Environmental Control
Accurate Inventory Management
Maintaining Accurate Inventories and Stock Management
Benefits of Accurate Inventory Management
The Significance of Proper Waste Disposal
Establishing and Implementing Proper Waste Disposal Procedures
Benefits of Proper Waste Disposal
Effective Communication and Collaboration
Fostering Effective Communication and Collaboration
Benefits of Effective Communication and Collaboration
Delivering Excellent Client Service
Benefits of Excellent Client Service
The Significance of Continuous Improvement
Implementing a Culture of Continuous Improvement
Benefits of Continuous Improvement
Staff
Implementing and Maintaining a Qualified Staff
Benefits of a Qualified Staff
The Significance of Training and Professional Development
Establishing a Training and Professional Development Program
Benefits of Training and Professional Development Programs
Laboratory Financial Considerations
General Accounting for the Laboratory
Establishing a Budget
Developing a Standard Operating Procedure
Laboratory Safety
Common Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Glassware Considerations
Abbreviations Used in Analytical Chemistry
Abbreviations for Reagents and Substances
Abbreviations for Units and Measurements:
Abbreviations for Analytical Techniques and Instruments
Part 1: Wet Chemistry
Titration
Acid-Base Titrations
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Redox Titration
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Complexometric Titration
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Gravimetric Methods
Precipitation Gravimetry
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Volatilization Gravimetry
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Precipitation Methods
Selective Precipitation
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Extraction Methods
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE)
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Digestion Methods
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Colorimetric Methods
UV-Visible Spectrophotometry (Wet Chemistry Method)
Glassware
Reagents
Solvents
Units of Measure
Pitfalls to Avoid
Report Format
Applications
Part 2: Instrumental Analysis
Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Principles
MRI Techniques
Components
Applications of MRI in Chemical Analysis
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations
Raman Spectroscopy
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications of Raman Spectroscopy
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations of Raman Spectroscopy
Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Reporting Test Results
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies of Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy
Abbreviations of Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy
Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)
Principles
Techniques
Applications
Components
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations
X-Ray Crystallography
Principles
Key Principles of X-Ray Crystallography
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations used in X-Ray Crystallography
Microscopy
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Abbreviations for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Abbreviations for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Specialized Statistical Tools
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Principles
SEM Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations
Chromatography
Gas Chromatography
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations Used for Gas Chromatography
Liquid Chromatography (LC)
Principles
Techniques of Liquid Chromatography in Analytical Chemistry
Components
Applications of Liquid Chromatography in Analytical Chemistry
Statistical Tools
Test Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Additional Measures
Abbreviations of Liquid Chromatography in Analytical Chemistry
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Principles
GC-MS Techniques
Components
Applications of GC-MS
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations Used in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS)
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications of ESI-MS
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations for Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS)
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry Techniques
Applications of Electrochemistry
Potentiometry
Principles
Techniques of Potentiometry
Components
Applications of Potentiometry
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation of Potentiometry for Analytical Chemistry
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies for Potentiometry
Abbreviations for Potentiometry
Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Useful Statistical Tools for Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) in Analytical Chemistry
Test Reporting for Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) for Analytical Chemistry
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies for Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)
Abbreviations of Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)
Amperometry
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Useful Statistical Tools
Test Reporting
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Common Root Causes
Abbreviations
Chronoamperometry
Principles
Techniques of Chronoamperometry in Analytical Chemistry
Components
Applications of Chronoamperometry in Analytical Chemistry
Statistical Tools used in Chronoamperometry for Analytical
Chemistry
Test Reporting Used in Chronoamperometry for Analytical Chemistry
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and Remedies for Chronoamperometry in Analytical Chemistry
Abbreviations for Chronoamperometry in Analytical Chemistry Electrogravimetry
Principles
Techniques of Electrogravimetry in Analytical Chemistry
Components
Applications of Electrogravimetry in Analytical Chemistry
Statistical Tools Used in Electrogravimetry
Test Reporting used in Electrogravimetry
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and Remedies for Electrogravimetry
Abbreviations for Electrogravimetry in Analytical Chemistry
Elemental Analysis
Principles of Elemental Analysis
Common Elemental Analysis Techniques
Applications of Elemental Analysis
Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications of Inductively Coupled Plasma
Statistical Tools used for Inductively Coupled Plasma
Test Reporting of Inductively Coupled Plasma
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and Remedies for Inductively Coupled Plasma
Abbreviations of Inductively Coupled Plasma
X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
Principles
Techniques X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting of X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) for Analytical Chemistry
Abbreviations of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) for Analytical Chemistry
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
General Principles
Key Principles and Concepts
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
Principles
Techniques of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) for Analytical Chemistry
Carbon-Hydrogen-Nitrogen-Sulfur (CHNS) Analysis
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations
Physical Property Tests
Density and Refractive Index Measurements
Principles
Techniques
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation for Density Measurements
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations for Density Measurements
Refractive Index Measurements
Principles
Techniques
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Cause for Faulty Data and Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations for Refractive Index Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
Part 3: Thermal Analysis
Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DTMA) and Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA)
Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA)
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data interpretation for Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA) Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
Test Result Reporting for Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA) Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and the Suggested Remedies for Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA) Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
Abbreviations for Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA) Used in Analytical Chemistry
Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DTMA)
Principles of Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DTMA) in Analytical Chemistry
Techniques of Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DTMA) in Analytical Chemistry
Components
Applications of Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DTMA) Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
Statistical Tools Useful for Data Interpretation for Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DTMA) Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
Test Result Reporting for Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DTMA) Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and the Suggested Remedies for Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DTMA) Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
Abbreviations for Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DTMA) Used in Analytical Chemistry
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools
Test Result Reporting
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and the Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
Principles
Techniques
Components
Applications
Statistical Tools Useful for Data interpretation
Test Result Reporting for Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
Common Root Causes for Faulty Data and the Suggested Remedies
Abbreviations for Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) Used in Analytical Chemistry
Appendix
Laboratory Management
Samples
The Significance of Standardized Sample Preparation
Developing and Implementing Standardized Sample Preparation Procedures
Benefits of Standardized Sample Preparation
Developing and Maintaining a Robust Sample Management System in an Analytical Laboratory: Ensuring Sample Integrity and Preventing Cross-Contamination
The Significance of Sample Management
Developing a Robust Sample Management System
Maintaining Sample Management Integrity
Instrumentation
The Importance of Preventive Maintenance and Calibration
Establishing a Preventive Maintenance Schedule and Calibration Program
The Significance of Instrument Validation
Validating Analytical Instruments
Benefits of Instrument Validation
Establishing and Maintaining Comprehensive Records
Benefits of Comprehensive Record-Keeping
Validating and Verifying Analytical Methods: Ensuring Accuracy and Precision in an Analytical Laboratory
The Importance of Validation and Verification
Method Validation
Method Verification
Continuous Monitoring and Maintenance
Regularly Updating Methods and Maintaining Documentation: Ensuring Methodological Excellence in an Analytical Laboratory and The Significance of Regular Method Updates and Documentation
Regular Method Updates
Maintaining Documentation
Control Charts
X-Bar Control Chart
R Control Chart
Calibration Curve with Regression Analysis
Control Charts for Replicates
I-MR Chart
X-Bar Chart
R Chart
Method Validation
Linearity Curve
Regression Analysis
Linear Regression
Multiple Regression
Polynomial Regression
Multivariate Analysis
Principal Component Analysis
Cluster Analysis
Gauge R & R
A Bar Chart (showing part-part variation, repeatability, and reproducibility)
R Chart (to analyze repeatability)
A Scatter Plot (showing measurements taken for each part)
A Box Plot (comparing measurements from different appraisers)
Youden Plot
Control Chart for Precision
X-Bar Chart
R Chart
Control Charts for Accuracy
Shewhart Chart
Levey-Jennings Chart
Control Charts for Repeatability & Reproducibility
R Chart
CUSUM Chart
Precision Control Chart
X-Bar Chart
R Chart
Accuracy Control Chart
Bias Chart
Repeatability Control Chart
Individual Chart
Reproducibility Control Chart
p Chart
Calibration Curves
Accuracy Calibration Curves
Repeatability Calibration Curves
Reproducibility Calibration Curves
Linearity Calibration Curves
Quality
Components of a QMS
Benefits of Implementing a QMS
Establishing and Maintaining Quality Control Procedures for Analytical Laboratories: Ensuring Accuracy and Reliability of Analytical Results
The Significance of Quality Control Procedures
Establishing Quality Control Procedures
Benefits of Quality Control Procedures
Data
Implementing a Secure Data Management System for Analytical Laboratories: Ensuring Data Integrity and Reliability
The Significance of Secure Data Management
Implementing a Secure Data Management System
Data Management System Benefits
The Significance of Data Retention Policies
Developing Data Retention Policies
Benefits of Data Retention Policies
The Significance of Calibration and Verification
Establishing a Calibration Schedule and Verification Protocols
Benefits of Calibration and Verification
The Significance of Comprehensive Documentation
Establishing a Comprehensive Documentation System
Benefits of Comprehensive Documentation
Audit Preparedness
Preparing for Audits and Inspections
Benefits of Audit Preparedness
The Significance of Emergency Response Plans
Developing and Regularly Reviewing Emergency Response Plans
Benefits of Emergency Response Plans
Regulatory Compliance
Staying Up-to-Date with Regulations and Standards
Benefits of Regulatory Compliance
Designing and Maintaining Laboratory Facilities: Ensuring Optimal Environmental Control in an Analytical Laboratory
The Importance of Environmental Control
Designing Laboratory Facilities with Environmental Controls
Maintaining Environmental Control
Accurate Inventory Management
Maintaining Accurate Inventories and Stock Management
Benefits of Accurate Inventory Management
The Significance of Proper Waste Disposal
Establishing and Implementing Proper Waste Disposal Procedures
Benefits of Proper Waste Disposal
Effective Communication and Collaboration
Fostering Effective Communication and Collaboration
Benefits of Effective Communication and Collaboration
Excellent Client Service
Delivering Excellent Client Service
Benefits of Excellent Client Service
The Significance of Continuous Improvement
Implementing a Culture of Continuous Improvement
Benefits of Continuous Improvement
Staff
Implementing and Maintaining a Qualified Staff
Benefits of a Qualified Staff
The Significance of Training and Professional Development
Establishing a Training and Professional Development Program
Benefits of Training and Professional Development Programs
Laboratory Financial Considerations
General Accounting for the Laboratory
Statistical Tools Used for Analysis of Precision, Accuracy, Repeatability, and Reproducibility in Analytical Labs
Laboratory Statistics
For Precision
Variance (Var)/Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Relative Standard Deviation (RSD)
Coefficient of Variation (CV)
Control Charts
For Accuracy
Bias Analysis
Calibration Curves
Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)
Recovery Experiments
For Repeatability & Reproducibility
Intra-Assay Variation
Control Charts for Replicates
Method Validation
Ring Tests
Additional Tools
Regression Analysis
Multivariate Statistics
Grubbs’ Test
Gauge R&R
Youden Plot
Statistical Tools Used for Analysis of Precision, Accuracy, Repeatability, and Reproducibility
Precision
Accuracy
Repeatability
Reproducibility
Examples
Standard Deviation Analysis
Precision Assessment
Accuracy Assessment
Repeatability Assessment
Reproducibility Assessment
Linearity Assessment
Matrix Effect Assessment
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Precision Assessment - One-Way ANOVA
Accuracy Assessment - Two-Way ANOVA
Repeatability Assessment - One-Way ANOVA
Reproducibility Assessment - Two-Way ANOVA
Linearity Assessment - Simple Linear Regression ANOVA
Matrix Effect Assessment - Two-Way ANOVA
Relative Standard Deviation (RSD)
Precision
Accuracy
Reproducibility
Repeatability
Linearity Assessment - RSD for Linearity
Matrix Effect Assessment - RSD for Matrix Effect
Control Charts
Precision
Accuracy
Repeatability and Reproducibility
Bias Analysis
Methods for Bias Analysis
Calibration Curves
Other Examples
Standard Reference Analysis
Recovery Experiments
Intra-Assay Variation Analysis
Ring Tests
Grubbs’ Test
Gauge R&R
Youden Plots
Review of Chemical Synthesis
I. Organic Chemistry Reactions
II. Inorganic Chemistry Reactions
III. Physical Chemical Reactions
Thermodynamics
Chemical Kinetics
Quantum Mechanics
Electrochemistry
Synthesis Routes in Physical Chemistry
IV. Analytical Chemistry Reactions
Analytical Chemistry Synthesis Routes
V. Biochemistry Reactions
Synthesis Routes for Biochemistry
VI. Organic Polymer Chemical Reactions
Organic Polymer Chemistry Synthesis Routes
VII. Inorganic Polymer Reactions
Inorganic Polymer Chemistry Synthesis Routes
VIII. Nuclear Chemical Reactions
Nuclear Chemistry Synthesis Routes
IX. Material Science Chemistry
Synthesis Routes in Material Science
X. Crystallization Chemical Reactions
Crystallization Chemical Synthesis Routes
XI. Metal Alloy Chemical Reactions
Metallic Alloy Synthesis Routes
XII. Ceramic Chemistry Reactions
Ceramic Chemical Synthesis Routes
XIII. Self-Replicating Molecules
Chemistry Designed Experiments
Factorial Designs
Fractional Factorial Designs
Central Composite Design (CCD)
Screening Designs
Hadamard Designs
Optimization Designs
One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) Designs
Nested Designs
Taguchi Method
Sequential Experimentation Design
Forced Failure Method
References and Review
Index
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