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Additively Manufactured Electrochemical Sensors

Design, Performance, and Applications

Edited by J. G. Manjunatha and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
Copyright: 2025   |   Expected Pub Date:2025/06/30
ISBN: 9781394303366  |  Hardcover  |  
448 pages

One Line Description
This book is an essential guide to mastering 3D printed electrochemical sensors, offering a comprehensive roadmap from foundational principles and fabrication techniques to cutting-edge applications and real-world solutions.

Audience
Researchers, academics, and professionals in the fields of additive manufacturing, electrochemistry, and sensor design.

Description
The rapid advancement of additive manufacturing technologies, commonly known as 3D printing, has revolutionized various fields of science and engineering. Among these, the development of electrochemical sensors has particularly benefited from additive manufacturing’s unique capabilities. This book provides an exhaustive exploration of 3D printed electrochemical sensors, from foundational principles to cutting-edge applications. By meticulously detailing design considerations, fabrication techniques, and performance evaluation metrics, it offers readers a roadmap to navigate the complexities of this interdisciplinary domain. Furthermore, with its emphasis on real-world applications and case studies, the book ensures that the knowledge imparted is not just theoretical but has practical relevance. This comprehensive guide empowers readers to harness the potential of 3D printing in the realm of electrochemical sensing, driving innovations and solutions for real-world challenges.
Readers will find the book:
• Provides an in-depth exploration of the design principles and fabrication techniques specific to 3D printed electrochemical sensors;
• Features knowledge to innovate and develop customized sensors tailored to specific applications, ensuring improved sensitivity, selectivity, and longevity of the sensors;
• Offers insights into calibration, sensitivity assessment, durability considerations, and validation protocols, highlights challenges in performance assessment, and suggests strategies to overcome them;
• Explores practical applications of 3D printed electrochemical sensors across sectors like medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food quality control.

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Author / Editor Details
J. G. Manjunatha, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa College. He has published 13 books and special journal issues, and over 160 research articles in reputed international journals. His research interests include electrochemistry, supercapacitors, and biosensors.

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an adjunct professor and Director of Laboratories in the Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology. He is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals, as well as the author and editor of over 150 books. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology and advanced materials, environmental management, and analytical chemistry.

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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Evaluation of 3D-Printed Technology and Essential of Electrochemical Sensing
Dhanyashree S. V., Ishwarya S., Rajendra Prasad S., Nagaswarupa H. P. and Ramachandra Naik
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of 3D Printing Techniques for Electrochemical Sensors
1.2.1 Stereolithography
1.2.2 Fused Deposition Modeling
1.2.3 Selective Laser Sintering
1.2.4 Inkjet 3D Printing
1.3 Materials for 3D Printing Electrochemical Sensors
1.3.1 Conductive Polymers
1.3.2 Nanomaterials
1.4 Case Studies
1.4.1 Real-World Examples of 3D Printed Electrochemical Sensors
1.4.2 Applications in Healthcare
1.4.3 Environmental Monitoring, Industrial Uses
1.5 Future Challenges in 3D Printed Electrode
1.6 Conclusions
References
2. Materials, Design Principles, and Need for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors for Monitoring Toxicity
Mohan Kumar, M. Praveen, H. Nagarajaiah, Miao Wang, Rudresha S.J., Sathish Reddy and Guruprasad A.M.
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Electrochemical Sensors
2.1.2 Principle of Electrochemical Sensors
2.1.3 Electrochemical Sensors for Environmental Monitoring
2.2 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensor
2.2.1 Strategies for Fabrication of 3D-Printed Electrodes
2.2.2 Hazardous Materials Detectable by Electrochemical Sensors
2.3 3D-Printed Fabrication for Making Electrochemical Sensors
2.3.1 3D Printing Fabrication Techniques
2.3.1.1 Fused Deposition Modeling
2.3.1.2 Digital Light Processing
2.3.1.3 Direct Ink Writing
2.3.1.4 Inkjet Printing
2.3.1.5 Other Printing Methods
2.3.2 Application of 3D Printing Technology in Environmental Monitoring
2.3.2.1 Detection of Per and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Compounds
2.3.2.2 Pesticides Detection
2.3.2.3 Detection of Chlorophenols and Nitrophenols
2.3.2.4 Other Pollutants
2.4 Conclusions
References
3. Nexus of Additive Manufacturing and Sensing for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors
Puja Kumari and Sandeep Chandrashekharappa
3.1 Introduction
3.2 3D Printed Material Types
3.2.1 Materials for Medical Applications of AM
3.3 3D Printing Process
3.4 Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Polymers
3.5 Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Metals
3.6 Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Ceramics
3.7 Application of AM
3.7.1 Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) Technology
3.7.2 The 3D Printing of Nanocomposites for Wearable Biosensors
3.7.3 Medical Applications of AM
References
4. Designing for Optimal Sensing and Microfluidics in Sensor Design for 3D Printed Electrochemical Sensors
S. Nivetha Rajakumari, R. Baby Suneetha, P. Karpagavinayagam, C. Vedhi and Nagaraja Sreeharsha
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methods for Fabrication of 3D Printed Electrode
4.3 Three-Dimensional Printing Technologies
4.3.1 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
4.3.2 Selective Laser Melting (SLM)
4.3.3 Stereolithography (SLA)
4.3.4 Direct Ink Writing (DIW)
4.3.5 Photopolymer Jetting (Polyjet)
4.4 Methods of Enhanced Devices for Sensing
4.4.1 Single-Step Fabrication
4.5 Optimization of Printing Parameters
4.5.1 Electrochemical Pretreatment
4.5.2 Chemical Pretreatment
4.5.3 Biological Pretreatment
4.6 Uses of Microfluidic 3D Electrode Sensors
4.6.1 Environmental Applications
4.6.2 Biological Applications
4.7 Conclusion and Prospects for the Future
References
5. Multi-Material Printing and CAD Tools Usage for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors
S. Minisha, P. Rajakani, P. Karpagavinayagam, C. Vedhi and Nagaraja Sreeharsha
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials for Multi-Material Printing
5.3 Conductive Materials
5.4 Insulating Materials
5.5 Sensitive Materials
5.6 Printing Techniques
5.6.1 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
5.7 Stereolithography (SLA)
5.8 Direct Ink Writing (DIW)
5.9 Inkjet Printing
5.10 Design Process Using CAD Tools
5.11 Simulation and Optimization
5.12 Prototyping and Testing
5.13 Applications of 3D-Printed Sensors
5.14 Challenges and Future Directions
5.15 Conclusion
References
6. Optimization Techniques for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors
Pratibha S., Yashaswini and Vinay Kumar Y.B.
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Design of Optimization
6.3 Selection of Materials for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors
6.4 Printing Techniques and Parameters
6.4.1 Parameters Involved in Techniques for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors
6.4.2 3D Printing Technologies
6.5 Applications and Future Scope
6.6 Conclusion
References
7. Performance and Validation for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors
Prashanth S. Adarakatti
7.1 Introduction: Overview of Electrochemical Sensors
7.2 Fundamentals of 3D Printing for Electrochemical Sensors
7.2.1 Basic Principles of 3D Printing Technologies
7.2.2 Materials Used in 3D Printing Electrochemical Sensors
7.2.3 Design Considerations for 3D-Printed Sensors
7.2.4 Fabrication Techniques
7.2.4.1 Fused Deposition Modeling
7.2.4.2 Stereolithography
7.2.4.3 Digital Light Processing
7.2.4.4 Selective Laser Sintering
7.2.5 Other 3D Printing Techniques
7.2.5.1 Inkjet Printing
7.2.5.2 Aerosol Jet Printing
7.2.5.3 Binder Jetting
7.2.6 Characterization of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors
7.2.7 Analysis of Surface Morphology
7.2.8 Measurements of Electrical Conductivity
7.2.9 Electrochemical Performance Evaluation
7.2.9.1 Cyclic Voltammetry
7.2.9.2 Chronoamperometry
7.2.9.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
7.2.9.4 Limits of Detection and Sensitivity
7.3 Functionalization of 3D-Printed Sensors
7.3.1 Surface Modification Techniques
7.3.2 Integration with Biological and Chemical Receptors
7.3.3 Enhancing Sensor Selectivity and Specificity
7.3.4 Validation and Calibration of Sensors
7.3.4.1 Calibration Methods
7.3.4.2 Reproducibility and Repeatability Studies
7.3.4.3 Standard Protocols for Sensor Validation
7.3.5 Applications of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors
7.3.5.1 Environmental Monitoring
7.3.5.2 Biomedical Diagnostics
7.3.5.3 Food and Beverage Analysis
7.3.5.4 Industrial Process Control
7.4 Challenges and Future Directions
7.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
8. Applications of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Medical Diagnostics
Gulsu Keles, Utku Serhat Derici, Baris Burak Altunay, Pinar Yilgor and Sevinc Kurbanoglu
Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 3D Printing Techniques
8.1.1.1 Vat Photopolymerization
8.1.1.2 Material Extrusion
8.1.1.3 Inkjet Printing
8.1.1.4 Bioprinting
8.1.2 Electrochemical Methods
8.1.2.1 Cyclic Voltammetry
8.1.2.2 Differential Pulse Voltammetry
8.1.2.3 Square Wave Voltammetry
8.1.2.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
8.1.2.5 Chronoamperometry
8.2 Applications of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Medical Diagnostics
8.2.1 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors Integrated in Point-of-Care Diagnostics
8.2.2 Integration of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Wearable and Implantable Devices
8.2.3 Integration of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Lab-on-a-Chip Platforms
8.2.4 Pharmaceutical and Biologically Important Compound Detection Sensors Based on 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors
8.3 Emerging Trends and Future Applications
8.4 Conclusion
References
9. Application of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Environmental Monitoring
Aswathy S. Murali and Beena Saraswathyamma
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 3D Printing Techniques
9.1.2 Application of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Environmental Monitoring
9.2 Conclusion
References
10. Applications of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Food Quality Control
Vijayan Murugesan, Stanleydhinakar Mathan, Balaji Chettiannan, Gowdhaman Arumugam and Ramesh Rajendran
10.1 Introduction to 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors
10.1.1 Basics of Electrochemical Sensors
10.1.2 Integration of 3D Printing with Electrochemical Sensing
10.2 Principles of Electrochemical Sensing in Food Quality Control
10.2.1 Electrochemical Detection Methods
10.2.1.1 Voltammetry
10.2.1.2 Amperometry
10.2.1.3 Potentiometry
10.2.1.4 Conductometry
10.2.1.5 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
10.2.2 Target Analytes in Food Quality
10.2.2.1 Pesticides
10.2.2.2 Pathogens
10.2.2.3 Heavy Metals
10.2.2.4 Mycotoxin
10.2.2.5 Food Spoilage
10.3 Mechanisms of Detection and Measurement
10.4 Applications in Food Quality Control
10.4.1 Detection of Contaminants
10.4.2 Monitoring Freshness and Spoilage
10.4.3 Analysis of Nutritional Content
10.5 Case Studies
10.5.1 Detection of Pesticide Residue Contamination
10.5.2 Bacterial Detection in Food
10.5.3 Antioxidant Sensing and Monitoring
10.6 Advantages and Limitations of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors
10.7 Future Trends and Innovations
10.7.1 Current Trends
10.7.2 Future Innovations
10.8 Summary
References
11. Applications of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Energy and Industrial Processes
Jahnavi H. K., Indumukhi B. C., Rajendra Prasad S., Nagaswarupa H. P. and Ramachandra Naik
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Types of 3D Printing Techniques
11.2.1 Stereolithography
11.2.1.1 The Stereolithography Gives a Summary of the Advantages and Limitations
11.2.1.2 Examples of Electrochemical Sensors Fabricated Using SLA
11.2.2 Fused Deposition Modeling
11.2.2.1 Operation of the FDM Equipment
11.2.3 Selective Laser Sintering
11.2.4 Inkjet 3D Printing
11.3 Materials for 3D Printing Electrochemical Sensors
11.3.1 Conductive Polymers
11.3.1.1 Applications of Conducting Polymers
11.3.1.2 3D Printing of Conducting Polymers
11.3.2 Nanomaterials
11.4 Applications in Electrochemical Energy Storage
11.5 Applications in Environmental Analysis
11.5.1 Detection of a Small Organic Materials
11.5.2 Hazardous Inorganic Pollutants
11.6 Conclusion
References
12. Applications of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Agriculture
Hülya Silah and Bengi Uslu
12.1 Introduction
12.2 3D Printing Technology and Its Importance for Sensors
12.3 Implementations of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Agriculture
12.3.1 Applications of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Pesticide Determination
12.3.2 Applications of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Nitrite/Nitrate Determination
12.3.3 Implementations of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Heavy Metals Determination
12.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
13. Safety and Environmental Considerations of Three-Dimensional-Printed Electrochemical Sensors
S. Kalaiarasi, G. Kavitha, S. Parameswari, P. Karpagavinayagam, C. Vedhi and Nagaraja Sreeharsha
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Basics of Three-Dimensional Printing
13.3 Fabrication of 3D Electrode to Sensors and Actuators
13.4 Applications of 3D Electrode for Sensors
13.4.1 Environmental Applications
13.4.2 Biological Applications
13.4.3 3D Electrode Applied for Food Safety
13.4.4 Biomedical Applications of 3D Electrodes
13.4.5 3D Sensors for Cancer Diagnosis
13.4.6 Electrochemical Sensors Used for Food and Fuels
13.4.7 3D Fe-MOF Nanozyme Electrode for Glucose Sensors
13.5 Conclusion
References
14. Sustainable and Eco-Friendly 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors
Riya Sharma, Jyotirmayee Sahoo and Sonu Gandhi
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Fundamentals of 3D Printing Technology in Sensor Fabrication
14.2.1 Types of 3D Printing Methods Suitable for Sensor Fabrication
14.2.1.1 Fused Deposition Modeling
14.2.1.2 Stereolithography
14.2.1.3 Selective Laser Sintering and Selective Laser Melting
14.2.1.4 Solvent Cast 3D Printing
14.2.2 Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Alternatives for
Printing of Electrochemical Sensors
14.2.2.1 Polylactic Acid (PLA)-Based Electrochemical Sensing
14.2.2.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)-Based Electrochemical Sensing
14.2.2.3 Chitosan-Based Electrochemical Sensing
14.2.2.4 Paper as Substrate for Electrochemical Sensing
14.3 Applications of Sustainable and 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors
14.3.1 Environmental Monitoring Applications
14.3.1.1 Trinitrotoluene Detection in Water
14.3.1.2 Detection of Amaranth Dye in Food Products
14.3.2 Healthcare and Biomedical Applications
14.3.2.1 Cholinesterase Activity Detection
14.3.2.2 Glucose Detection
14.3.3 Industrial Sector Applications
14.3.3.1 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Evolution
14.3.3.2 Quality Control of Biofuel
14.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Author Contribution
Acknowledgement
References
15. Challenges and Future of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors
Vinayak Adimule, Santosh Nandi, Shankramma S. Nesargi, Vandna Sharma, Pankaj Kumar and Praveen Barmavatu
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Various 3D Printing Methods
15.2.1 Stereolithography (SLA)
15.2.2 Fused Deposition Modeling
15.2.3 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
15.2.4 Bioprinting
15.2.5 Digital Light Processing
15.2.6 Material Jetting
15.2.7 Direct Ink Writing (DIW)
15.2.8 Selective Laser Melting
15.2.9 Fabrication of 3D Printing Techniques
15.3 3D Printing in Electrochemical Sensors
15.4 Challenges and Future Prospects
15.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index

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Description
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