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Secondary Metabolites and Drug Discovery

Edited by Umar Ali Dar, Mohd. Shahnawaz and Neha Singh
Copyright: 2025   |   Expected Pub Date:2025/06/30
ISBN: 9781394204342  |  Hardcover  |  
564 pages

One Line Description
This book explores the promising potential of plant and microbe-derived compounds
in drug discovery, offering insights into safer alternatives to synthetic drugs and
highlighting the vital role of natural products in treating diseases with fewer side effects.

Audience
Researchers, academics, industry, and governmental experts working in the fields of natural science, natural products, synthetic chemistry, pharmacology, and medicinal chemistry.

Description
Plants and microbes are a promising source for natural products with the potential to play a major role in drug discovery. Due to advances in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and medicine, the commercial pharmaceutical industry is growing across the globe. Currently, allopathy uses synthetic pharmaceutical drugs for the treatment of diseases, but this practice also exposes patients to significant side effects. Since ancient times, other systems of medicine have been developed that utilize plant-based extracts and molecules to treat various diseases with fewer side effects. While changes in lifestyle, including diet, have had a significant impact on the increased risks of various diseases, there is substantial scientific evidence, both epidemiological and experimental, that vegetables and fruits are key features of diets associated with lower risks of diseases such as cancers and infections. These efforts to identify and create medications from plants are leading to increased manufacturing for larger clinical trials. The continuing scientific research of medicinal plants will undoubtedly provide a wealth of novel, structurally varied, bioactive chemicals. This edited volume provides an overview of various medical systems, with a special focus on microbial and plant-based drug molecules for treating communicable and non-communicable diseases, making it an invaluable resource for researchers, scientists, and practitioners interested in the potential of plant- and microbe-derived secondary metabolites in the ongoing search for innovative, effective, and safer medicines.
Readers will find this book:
• Provides an overview of different types of sources and drug molecules used in allopathic, homeopathic, ayurvedic, Chinese, and Unani systems of medicine;
• Highlights past and current methods of alternative, complementary, folklore, and integrative medicines;
• Discusses the benefits and side effects of the drug molecules used in different systems of medicine at the global level;
• Explores microbial and plant-based drug molecules for treating various communicable and non-communicable diseases.

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Author / Editor Details
Umar Ali Dar, PhD is an assistant professor of Chemistry in the Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities at the Government College of Engineering and Technology in Ganderbal, India. He has authored and co-authored numerous peer-reviewed articles, books, and book chapters, demonstrating his commitment to advancing the understanding of complex chemical systems and their applications. His research interests include crystal engineering, materials science, energy applications, sensors, water treatment, secondary metabolites, pharmaceuticals, and drug discovery.

Mohd. Shahnawaz, PhD is an assistant professor at Government Degree College Drass, University of Ladakh. India. He has published 25 research articles, 19 book chapters, and 15 books of international repute. His research interests are in integrative medicine, ecology, microbiology, plant biotechnology, and bioremediation.

Neha Singh, PhD is a senior scientist at the Virology Lab in the Department of Microbiology at Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Medical College, India with over 11 years of research experience. She has published various research and review articles in reputed national and international journals, as well as books and book chapters related to her specialty. Her areas of interest are antimicrobial compounds, infectious diseases, and molecular virology.

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Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgment
1. Drug Discovery and Secondary Metabolites: An Overview
Arfa Ji, Asfer Hamid, Ehtishamul Haq, Dar Murtaza, Andleeb Amin, Asma Hakak and Zubaid ul Khazir
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Phytochemicals
1.3 Secondary Metabolites as Major Resources for Potent Drug Discovery
1.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
2. Relationship Between Allopathic Medicine and Secondary Metabolites: Opportunities in Drug Discovery
Rajaguru Arivuselvam, Sai Eswar B., Mohamed Sheik Tharik A., Raf iuddin Mohammed, Umesh M., Vasanth Raj P., Raman Rajeshkumar, Amit Anand and Kenganora Mruthunjaya
2.1 Introduction
2.2 History of Secondary Metabolites
2.3 Secondary Metabolites
2.3.1 Secondary Metabolites from Plants
2.3.2 Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites in Plants
2.3.3 Secondary Metabolites from Microorganism
2.3.3.1 Antibiotics
2.3.3.2 Anticancer
2.3.4 Secondary Metabolites from Endophytic Microorganisms
2.3.4.1 Antibiotics
2.3.4.2 Lipopeptides
2.3.4.3 Anticancer Agents
2.3.4.4 Cyclic Analogs
2.3.4.5 Antiviral Agents
2.3.4.6 Flavonoids
2.3.4.7 Terpenoids and Alkaloids
2.4 Modern Techniques Involved in the Production of Secondary Metabolites
2.4.1 Manipulation of Secondary Metabolic Clusters’ Genetic Control
2.4.2 BGCs’ Heterogeneous Expression and Refactoring
2.4.3 Utilizing Nutrition and Small Molecules
2.5 Future Direction and Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
3. Endophytic Microorganisms in Traditional and Modern Plant-Based Medicine: Diversity, Biomedical Applications, and Future Prospects
Dhara Rajput, Borra Yesaswi, Angel Raju, Lalhmunsiami, Balaji Sathyanaryana Gupta, Haripriya G., Nallupillai Paramakrishnan, Rajaguru Arivuselvam, Amit Anand and Kenganora Mruthunjaya
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Endophytic Microorganisms in Traditional Plant-Based Medicine
3.3 Ayurveda and Indian Traditional Medicine
3.3.1 Diversity of Endophytic Microorganisms
3.3.2 Medicinal Properties and Uses
3.3.2.1 Thespesia populnea
3.3.2.2 Datura metel
3.3.2.3 Mucuna pruriens
3.4 Traditional Chinese Medicine
3.4.1 Diversity of Endophytic Microorganism
3.4.2 Medicinal Properties and Uses
3.4.2.1 Mammals
3.4.2.2 Reptiles and Amphibians
3.4.2.3 Marine Life
3.4.2.4 Plants
3.4.2.5 Inorganic Chemicals and Minerals
3.5 Immunomodulatory Effects
3.6 Cancer Therapeutics
3.7 Antibiotic Production
3.8 Biotechnological and Agricultural Applications of Endophytic Microorganisms
3.8.1 Plant Growth Promotion
3.8.2 Biological Control of Plant Pathogens
3.8.3 Stress Tolerance
3.9 Future Directions for Research and Development
3.9.1 Methodological Advances
3.9.2 Cultivation-Independent Strategies for Studying Endophytic Fungus
3.9.3 Biomedical and Biotechnological Challenges
3.9.4 Genomics of Endophytes
3.9.5 Bioremediation
3.10 Future Research Directions
3.11 Conclusion
References
4. Historical and Current Scenario of Ayurvedic, Unani, and Chinese Medical Systems
Taha Gökmen Ülger
4.1 History, Present, and Future of Traditional Medicine Techniques
4.2 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
4.3 Ayurvedic Medicine
4.4 Unani Medicine
4.5 Conclusion
References
5. Historical and Present Scenario of Folklore System of Medicine, Homeopathic System of Medicine
Nyla Ajaz, Fauzia Rehman, Iman Fatima, Tahira Ansar Sanam, Ayesha Bibi, Khadija Umer Farooq and Tahreem Iftikhar
5.1 Introduction to Folklore System of Medicine
5.1.1 Knowledge Transmission of the Folk Medicine
5.1.2 Official and Unofficial Culture
5.1.3 Benefits, Risks, and Questions of Efficacy
5.1.4 Folk Medicine and Cosmopolitan Medicine
5.1.5 Folk Medicine and Modern Medicine
5.1.6 Historical Scenario
5.1.7 Colonial America
5.1.8 Folk Treatments
5.1.8.1 Natural Substances
5.1.8.2 Physical Therapies
5.1.9 Present Scenario
5.1.9.1 Women’s Health and Folk Medicine
5.1.9.2 Interaction with Other Systems
5.2 Homeopathic System of Medicine
5.2.1 Introduction to Homeopathy
5.2.2 Historical Milestones
5.2.3 Principal Framework
5.2.4 Homeopathy
5.2.4.1 Sources
5.2.4.2 Preparations
5.2.5 Present Status
5.2.6 Future Prospect
5.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
6. Alternative System of Medicine vs. Traditional System of Medicine
Priyanka Parhad, Sanjana Agrawal, Neha Singh and Kamlesh Jain
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Traditional Medicinal Practices
6.1.2 Complementary and Alternative Medical Care
6.2 Contextual
6.2.1 Biologically Based Practices
6.2.2 Manipulative and Physiological Approaches
6.2.3 Mind–Body Medicine
6.2.4 Energy-Based Medicine
6.2.5 Alternative Medicinal Systems
6.3 What is Alternative Medicine?
6.4 Different Types of Alternative System of Medicines in India
6.4.1 Ayurveda
6.4.2 Unani Medicine
6.4.3 Homeopathy
6.4.4 Siddha
6.4.5 Sowa-Ripa
6.4.6 Acupuncture
6.4.7 Yoga and Naturopathy
6.4.8 Other Alternative Modalities
6.4.8.1 Chiropractic Medicine
6.4.8.2 Herbal Medicine
6.4.8.3 Mind–Body Therapies
6.4.8.4 Biologically Based Practices
6.4.8.5 Some Commonly Used Herbal Supplements
6.4.8.6 Manipulative and Body-Based Practices
6.4.8.7 Energy Healing
6.5 Future Scope of Traditional Medicine
6.6 Traditional Indian Medicine History
6.7 Development of Traditional Indian Medicine
6.7.1 Overall System of Management
6.7.2 Policy
6.7.3 Education
6.7.4 Medical Treatment
6.7.5 Drugs
6.7.6 Scientific Research
6.7.7 Industry
6.7.8 Intellectual Property Protection
6.7.9 Pharmacovigilance System
6.8 Why People Use Alternative Medicines?
6.8.1 National Policy and Regulation
6.8.2 Safety, Efficacy, and Quality
6.8.3 Access
6.8.4 Rational Use
6.9 Alternative Medicine and Its Importance
6.9.1 Challenges
6.9.2 Initiatives for AYUSH Promotion
6.9.3 Measures to be Taken for Integrating AYUSH
6.9.4 However, Prerequisites of Such Integration Need Substantial Groundwork
6.10 Global Use of Traditional Medicine
6.10.1 Diagnosis in Ayurveda
6.10.2 Treatment in Ayurveda
6.10.3 Ayurveda Characteristics
6.10.4 Advantages of Clinical Treatment
6.11 Conclusion
References
7. Cost, Benefits, and Side Effects of Alternative, Complementary, and Traditional Medicine to Control Non-Communicable Diseases
Abida Rani, Shehbaz Ali, Mudasir A. Dar and Ahmad Raza
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Costs of ACTM for NCDs
7.1.1.1 Direct Costs of ACTM
7.1.1.2 Indirect Costs of ACTM
7.1.2 ACTM for NCDs: The Cost Beyond the Dollar
7.1.2.1 Financial Cost Transparency
7.1.2.2 Insurance Coverage and Cost Sharing
7.1.2.3 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
7.1.2.4 Societal Cost Considerations
7.2 Benefits of ACTM for NCDs
7.2.1 Reduced Side Effects
7.2.2 Holistic Approach to Health
7.2.3 Patient-Centered Care
7.2.4 Psychological Well-Being
7.2.5 Potential Benefits for Specific NCDs
7.3 Holistic Approach to Health Management
7.4 Side Effects and Risks of ACTM for NCDs
7.4.1 Potential for Adverse Reactions
7.4.2 Interactions with Conventional Medicine
7.4.3 Strategies for Mitigating Risks
7.4.4 Encourage Open Communication and Disclosure
7.4.5 Educate Patients and Healthcare Providers
7.4.6 Ensure Practitioner Qualifications
7.4.7 Implement Safety and Quality Standards
7.4.8 Utilize Technology for Monitoring and Management
7.4.9 Adopt a Holistic and Personalized Approach
7.5 Comparative Analysis: ACTM vs. Conventional Medicine for NCDs
7.5.1 Prevalence and Utilization
7.5.2 Patient Satisfaction
7.5.3 Safety Concerns
7.5.4 Systems Medicine and Integrated Care
7.5.5 Coverage and Evidence Development
7.5.6 Determinants of CAM Use
7.6 Integration and Considerations of ACTMs for NCDs
7.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
8. Integrative Medicine: An Overview
Mohammad Aasif, Fehmida Rasheid, Sajad Bhat, G.N. Yatoo, Abdul Haleem Wani, Ishfaq Ahmad, Zubaid-ul-Khazir, Sohial Amin Malik and Javid A. Banday
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Overview of Integrative Medicine
8.3 Current Contributions
8.4 Integrative Vision of Healthcare–Public Health: Policy and Recommendations
8.5 Benefits of Integrative Medicine
8.6 Integrative Mental Health
8.7 Integrative Medicine for the Underserved
8.8 Philosophy of Integrative Medicine
8.9 Relationship-Centered Care
8.10 Prevention
8.11 Integration
8.12 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
9. Different Sources and Types of Drug Molecules Used in Homeopathy System of Medicine
Saurabh Sarkar, Prem Rajak, Moutushi Mandi, Santu Nandi, Sayantani Nanda, Kanchana Das, Abhratanu Ganguly and Abhijit Ghosh
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Brief History of Homeopathy
9.3 Homeopathy System of Medicine
9.4 The Art and Science of Drugs in Homeopathy
9.5 Source and Types of Drug Molecules Used in Homeopathic System of Medicine
9.5.1 Plant Kingdom
9.5.2 Animal Kingdom
9.5.3 Mineral Kingdom
9.5.4 Sarcodes
9.5.5 Nosodes
9.5.6 Imponderabilia
9.5.7 Synthetic Sources of Some Drugs
9.6 Criticism on Homeopathic System of Medicine
9.7 Limitation of Drug Molecules Used in Homeopathy
9.8 Future Direction and Drug Discovery
9.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
10. Cost, Benefits, and Side Effects of Allopathic Medicine to Control Communicable Diseases
Sourav Mohanto, Darshan J.C., Abdul Mannan Faruk Ahmed, Prolay Paul, Adrija Bhunia, Tanvi Goel, Sagnik Nag, Amol Dilip Gholap and Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed
10.1 Background
10.2 Etiopathogenesis of Common Communicable Diseases
10.2.1 Viral Communicable Disease
10.2.2 Bacterial Communicable Diseases
10.2.3 Etiopathogenesis of Non-Viral and Non-Bacterial Communicable Diseases
10.3 Sign and Symptoms of Communicable Disease
10.4 Mode of Transmission of Communicable Diseases
10.5 Preventive Measures of Communicable Diseases
10.6 Cost and Benefit of Current Allopathic Medicine for the Treatment of Communicable Diseases
10.7 Side Effects of Allopathic Medicine to Control Communicable Diseases
10.7.1 Tuberculosis
10.7.2 Malaria
10.7.3 Cholera
10.7.4 Measles
10.7.5 Chickenpox
10.7.6 Monkeypox (Mpox)
10.7.7 Typhoid
10.7.8 Influenza
10.7.9 Hepatitis
10.7.10 HIV
10.7.11 Rabies
10.7.12 Conjunctivitis
10.7.13 COVID-19
10.8 Conclusion
References
11. Assessing the Value of Allopathic Medicine in Non-Communicable Disease Management: Costs, Benefits, and Side Effects
Ritu Painuli, Abhishek Kumar Gupta, Chetan Kumar and Ravindra S. Phatake
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Non-Communicable Diseases: Effects, Costs, and Prevention
11.3 Reasons for Dealing with NCDs in Development
11.4 Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)
11.5 Chronic Respiratory Diseases (CRDs)
11.6 Diabetes Mellitus
11.7 High Blood Pressure
11.8 Cancer
11.9 Control of Tobacco Use
11.10 Techniques: Quantity of Fatalities Must Be Avoided
11.11 Strategies to Prevent Mortality from NCDs
11.11.1 Tobacco Tax
11.11.2 Aspirin Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)
11.11.3 Salt Reduction
11.11.4 Cardiovascular Disease Secondary Prevention
11.12 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
12. Roles of Allopathic Medicines to Treat SARS-CoV-2 Pathogen Causing COVID-19
Norein Sakander, Bisma Rasool, Ajaz Ahmed, Debaraj Mukherjee and Qazi Naveed Ahmed
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Allopathic Medicines Used for COVID-19 Treatment
12.2.1 Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
12.2.2 Remdesivir, Ritonavir/Lopinavir, Umifenovir, Favipiravir, and Oseltamivir
12.3 Traditional Medicines Used for COVID-19 Treatment
12.4 Ayurvedic Medicine
12.4.1 Ayush-64
12.4.2 Glycyrrhiza glabra
12.4.3 Alium sativum
12.4.4 Phyllanthus emblica
12.4.5 Coronil
12.4.6 Ayush Kwath
12.4.7 Chinese Medicine (CM)
12.5 Integrating Allopathic and Other Traditional Medicines for Effective Therapy
12.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
13. Therapeutic Potential of Plant Secondary Metabolites in the Treatment of Disease and Drug Development: A Global Approach
Rashaid Ali Mustafa, Shabir Ahmad Rather, Rukhsana Kousar and M. A. Hannan Khan
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Secondary Compounds Produced by Plants
13.3 The Antioxidant Capacity Displayed by Secondary Metabolites
13.4 Secondary Metabolite Used in the Treatment of Tuberculosis
13.4.1 Alkaloids
13.4.2 Flavones
13.4.3 Terpenoids
13.4.4 Saponins and Steroids
13.4.5 Peptides
13.5 Treatment of Diabetes
13.6 Therapy for Neurodegenerative Conditions
13.7 Treatment of Malaria
13.8 Cardiovascular Disease Treatment
13.9 Bone Disorder Treatment
13.10 Therapy for Coronary Artery Disease
13.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
14. Costs, Benefits, and Side Effects of Microbial Secondary Metabolites to Control Non-Communicable Diseases
Al Kamal Muhammad Shafiul Kadir, Mohammad Ullah Shemanto and Yasmine Adel Mohammed
14.1 Introduction
14.2 What is Metabolites?
14.3 What is Secondary Metabolites?
14.4 Microbial Secondary Metabolites
14.5 Characteristics of Microbial Secondary Metabolites
14.6 Provenances of Microbial Secondary Metabolites
14.6.1 Fungi
14.6.2 Bacteria
14.6.2.1 Streptomyces
14.6.2.2 Bacillus subtilis
14.6.2.3 Cyanobacteria
14.6.2.4 Serratia
14.6.2.5 Chromobacterium Violaceum
14.7 Discovery and Development of Microbial Secondary Metabolites
14.8 Microbial Secondary Metabolites and their Biological Activity
14.8.1 Fungal Origin
14.8.1.1 Simplicilliumtides (A, E, G, and H)
14.8.1.2 Acaromycin A and Cryptosporin
14.8.1.3 Asperolide E
14.8.1.4 Asperethers A–E
14.8.1.5 Varioloids A and B
14.8.1.6 Chloropreussomerins A and B
14.8.1.7 Preussomerins K, H, G, and F
14.8.1.8 7-O-Methylnigrosporolide and Pestalotioprolides D–F
14.8.1.9 Campyridone D and Ilicicolin H
14.8.1.10 Trichodermamides B
14.8.1.11 Chromosulfine
14.8.1.12 Aquastatin A
14.8.1.13 Fumosorinone
14.8.1.14 Myriocin (ISP-I)
14.8.2 Bacterial Origin
14.8.2.1 Daunorubicin
14.8.2.2 Streptocarbazoles A and B
14.8.2.3 Streptomyceamide C
14.8.2.4 Neoantimycins A and B
14.8.2.5 Antimycins A1ab, A2a, and A9
14.8.2.6 Halichoblelide D
14.8.2.7 Melanin Pigment
14.8.2.8 Rapamycin
14.8.2.9 FK506
14.8.2.10 Miglustat
14.8.2.11 Pimecrolimus
14.8.2.12 Bleomycins
14.8.2.13 Romidepsin
14.8.2.14 FW05328-1
14.8.2.15 Aurodox
14.9 Side Effects
14.10 Future Prospects
14.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
15. Bioactive Plant-Derived Secondary Metabolites in Non-Communicable Disease Management
Sudip Paramanik, Abhratanu Ganguly, Prem Rajak and Manas Paramanik
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Mechanism of Action of Secondary Metabolites in the Eradication of NCDs
15.2.1 Antioxidant Activity
15.2.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
15.2.3 Modulation of Cell Signaling Pathways
15.2.4 Regulation of Gene Expression
15.2.5 Modification of the Gut Microbiota
15.3 Role of SMs in the Alleviation of NCDs
15.3.1 Polyphenols
15.3.2 Carotenoids
15.3.3 Alkaloids
15.3.4 Terpenoids
15.4 Future Scope and Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
16. Sources and Types of Secondary Metabolites: An Overview
Suman Rawte, Diksha Prakash and Zenu Jha
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Sources of SMs
16.2.1 Plant SMs
16.2.1.1 Classification of Plant SMs
16.2.1.2 Secondary Metabolite Expression in Plants
16.2.2 Fungal SMs
16.2.2.1 Polyketides
16.2.2.2 Non-Ribosomal Peptides
16.2.2.3 Hybrid Non-Ribosomal Peptide/Polyketides
16.2.2.4 Terpenoids
16.2.3 Bacterial SMs
16.2.3.1 Non-Ribosomal Peptides
16.2.3.2 Ribosomal Peptides
16.2.3.3 Polyketides
16.2.3.4 Hybrid Metabolites
16.2.3.5 Volatile Metabolites
16.3 Types of SMs
16.3.1 Terpenoids and Steroids
16.3.2 Alkaloids
16.3.3 Fatty Acid–Derived Substances and Polyketides
16.3.4 Non-Ribosomal Polypeptides
16.3.5 Enzyme Cofactors
16.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
17. Antidiabetic Activities of Carica papaya L.
Pawan Prabhakar and Mamoni Banerjee
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Macro- and Micronutrients/Elements in C. papaya
17.3 Major Secondary Metabolites of C. papaya
17.3.1 Alkaloids
17.3.2 Phenolics
17.3.3 Terpenoids
17.3.4 Phytosterols
17.4 Pre-Clinical Evidence of Antidiabetic Activities of C. papaya
17.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
18. Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Potential in Six Important Medicinal Plants of Ladakh Trans-Himalaya for Drug Discovery
Mohd Shabir and Fayaz Hussain
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Materials and Methods
18.2.1 Collection and Identification of the Collected Accessions
18.2.2 Preparation of Plant Materials
18.2.3 Preparation of Extracts
18.2.4 Determination of Total Flavonoid Content
18.2.5 Determination of Total Phenolic Content
18.2.6 Estimation of In Vitro Antioxidant Activity
18.2.6.1 Preparation of Reagents
18.2.6.2 Procedure for DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity
18.3 Results
18.3.1 Identification of the Plants
18.3.2 Quantitative Analysis of Total Flavonoid Content
18.3.3 Quantitative Analysis of Total Phenolic Content
18.3.4 Estimation of DPPH Scavenging Activity
18.4 Discussions
18.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
19. Future Research Directions and Prospects of Secondary Metabolites in Drug Discoveries
Sourav Mohanto, Ayesha Sultana, Deokrishna Kumar Choudhary, Adrija Bhunia, Sagnik Nag, Shadma Wahab and Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed
19.1 Background
19.2 Advancement in the Strategic Production of Secondary Metabolites (SMs)
19.2.1 Microbial Synthesis
19.2.2 Plant Tissue Culture
19.2.3 Metabolomics
19.2.4 Synthetic Biology
19.3 Recent Advancement and Future Research Directions of Secondary Metabolites (SMs)
19.4 Conclusion
References
20. Pharmacological Diversity in Integrative Medicine: Exploring Sources and Approaches to Drug Discovery Utilizing Natural Products
Ritu Painuli, Biru Chauhan, Kanhaiya Kumar, Chetan Kumar and Ravindra S. Phatake
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Traditional Medicines: Principle and Treatment Methods
20.2.1 Western Medicine
20.2.2 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
20.2.3 Naturopathic Medicine
20.2.4 Ayurvedic Medicine
20.2.5 Chiropractic Medicine
20.2.6 Homeopathic Medicine
20.3 Intricate Pathways of Drug Discovery
20.4 Novel Approaches to Drug Discovery Utilizing Natural Products
20.4.1 The Role of Genomics in the Discovery of Natural Product Drugs
20.4.2 Proteomics’ Function in Natural Product Drug Discovery
20.4.3 Metabolomics’ Role in Natural Product Drug Discovery
20.4.4 The Role of Computer-Aided Drug Design in Natural Product Drug Discovery
20.4.5 Natural Products and Precision Medicine
20.5 Fusion of Ancient Wisdom with Modern Medicine
20.6 Most Recent Discoveries and Advancements in Drug Discovery Based on Natural Products
20.6.1 Antibiotics
20.6.2 Antidiabetics
20.6.3 Anti-Inflammatory Medicines
20.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index

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