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Viral Vectors for Vaccine Delivery

Edited by Vivek Chavda and Vasso Apostolopoulos
Copyright: 2025   |   Expected Pub Date:2025/03/30
ISBN: 9781394271535  |  Hardcover  |  
384 pages

One Line Description
The book is essential for anyone interested in vaccine development, as it
highlights the unique advantages of viral vector vaccines in triggering robust,
long-lasting immunity and provides an in-depth exploration of the technology and advancements shaping the future of healthcare.

Audience
Research scholars, pharma-process engineers, research scientists, pharmacy students and professionals from the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industry interested in drug discovery, chemical biology, computational chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and bioinformatics

Description
Viral vector vaccines have several unique advantages when compared to other vaccine platforms. These powerful vaccines are capable of triggering long-lasting cellular responses, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, that eradicate virus-infected cells. Viral vector-based vaccines use a harmless virus to smuggle the instructions for making antigens from the disease-causing virus into cells, triggering protective immunity against them. In contrast to conventional antigen-containing vaccines, these vaccines use the body’s natural defense system to produce antigens by using a modified virus to deliver genetic code for an antigen. Viral Vectors for Vaccine Delivery provides a comprehensive overview of viral vectors and their applications in vaccine delivery. Its chapters explore various aspects of viral vector technology, from the basic principles of viral vector construction to the latest advancements in gene editing and manufacturing.
Readers will find that the book
• Offers a deep dive into the world of viral vectors, covering their principles, applications, and potential impact on healthcare;
• Explores how viral vectors are revolutionizing vaccine development, providing a more effective and targeted approach to disease prevention;
• Discusses the potential of viral vectors to address emerging health challenges and contribute to a healthier world.

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Author / Editor Details
Vivek Chavda is an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, India with over eight years of experience in biologic research. He has over 250 peer-reviewed national and international publications, including 38 book chapters, seven edited books, ten book chapters, seven patents, and numerous newsletter articles to his credit. His research interests include the development of biologics processes and formulations, medical device development, nano-diagnostics, non-carrier formulations, long-acting parenteral formulations, and nano-vaccines.

Vasso Apostolopoulos, PhD, is the Vice-Chancellor’s Distinguished Fellow and Director of the Immunology and Translational Research Group at Victoria University and the Immunology Program Director at the Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science. She has over 510 research publications and 22 patents to her credit and has received over 100 awards for her research work. Her research interests include vaccine and drug development for cancer, chronic, infectious, and autoimmune diseases.

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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Introduction to Viral Vectors
Anjali P. Bedse, Suchita P. Dhamane, Shilpa S. Raut, Komal P. Mahajan and Kajal P. Baviskar
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Baculovirus Vectors
1.3 Adenovirus Vectors
1.4 Poxvirus Vectors
1.5 Herpes Virus Vectors
1.6 Epstein-Barr Virus Vectors
1.7 Retrovirus Vectors
1.8 Lentivirus Vectors
1.9 Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV)
1.10 Applications of Viral Vectors
1.10.1 Viral Vectors for Vaccine Development
1.10.2 Gene Therapy: The Performance of Viral Vectors
1.10.3 Clinical Trials
1.11 Safety Issues of Viral Vector/Biosafety Challenges
1.12 Conclusion
References
2. Viral Vector Construction
Suneetha Vuppu, Toshika Mishra, Shatakshi Mishra, Stany B. and Anushka Das
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Applications of Viral Vector
2.3 Viral Vectors
2.3.1 Adenoviruses
2.3.2 Retroviruses
2.3.3 Lentiviruses
2.3.4 Poxviruses
2.3.5 Adeno-Associated Viruses
2.3.6 Herpes Simplex Viruses
2.3.7 Alphaviruses
2.3.8 Flaviviruses
2.3.9 Rhabdoviruses
2.3.10 Newcastle Disease Virus
2.3.11 Coxsackieviruses
2.3.12 Measles Virus
2.4 Construction of Viral Vectors
2.5 Challenges
2.5.1 Immune Response
2.5.2 Specificity of the Transgene Delivery
2.5.3 Insertional Mutagenesis
2.6 Advancements in Technology of Viral Vector Construction
2.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
3. The Role of Adjuvants in the Application of Viral Vector Vaccines
Vivek P. Chavda, Anjali P. Bedse and Shilpa S. Raut
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Viral Vector Vaccines: A Powerful Platform
3.3 Challenges Associated with Viral Vector Vaccines
3.3.1 Preexisting Immunity against the Viral Vector
3.3.2 Safety Concerns Related to Insertional Mutagenesis
3.3.3 Scalability and Manufacturing Challenges
3.4 The Role of Adjuvants in Overcoming Challenges
3.4.1 Mechanisms of Action of Adjuvants
3.4.2 Innate Immune Stimulation
3.4.3 Adaptive Immune Response Enhancement
3.4.4 Different Classes of Adjuvants Used with Viral Vector Vaccines
3.4.4.1 Classes of Adjuvants
3.4.5 Targeting CLR Pathway
3.4.6 Saponins
3.4.7 Cytokines and Chemokines
3.4.8 Case Studies of Specific Adjuvants Used with Viral Vector Vaccines
3.5 Optimizing Adjuvant Design for Viral Vector Vaccines
3.5.1 Importance of Adjuvant Selection and Formulation
3.5.2 Adjuvant Formulation Development
3.5.3 Adjuvant Formulations for the Development of New Vaccines
3.5.4 Strategies for Optimizing Adjuvant Design
3.5.4.1 Dose Sparing
3.5.4.2 Enabling a More Rapid Immune Response
3.5.4.3 Antibody Response Broadening
3.5.4.4 Antibody Response Magnitude and Functionality
3.5.5 Delivery Systems
3.5.5.1 Targeting Specific Immune Cell Populations
3.5.5.2 Combination Adjuvants
3.5.5.3 Challenges and Future Directions in Adjuvant Development for Viral Vector Vaccines
3.6 Conclusion
References
4. Replication-Competent Viral Vectors for Vaccine Delivery
Vivek P. Chavda, Pankti C. Balar, Dixa A. Vaghela, Divya Teli, Amit Chaudhari and Shahnaz Alom
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of Replication-Competent Viral Vectors
4.2.1 Adenoviruses (AdVs)
4.2.2 Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses (VSVs)
4.2.3 Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA)
4.2.4 Measles Virus (MV)
4.2.5 Influenza Virus (IV)
4.3 Mechanisms of RCVV-Mediated Vaccination
4.4 Applications of Replication-Competent Viral Vectors
4.4.1 Prophylactic Vaccines
4.4.2 Therapeutic Vaccines
4.4.2.1 Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
4.4.2.2 Cytomegalovirus
4.4.2.3 Measles Virus
4.4.2.4 Adenoviral Vectors
4.4.2.5 Applications of Replication-Competent Viral Vectors against COVID-19
4.4.3 Cancer Immunotherapy
4.5 Conclusion
References
5. Nonreplicating Viral Vectors for Vaccine Delivery
Pankti C. Balar and Vivek P. Chavda
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nonreplicating Viral Vectors: Types and Characteristics
5.2.1 Adenoviral Vectors
5.2.2 Non-Adenoviral Vectors
5.2.3 Key Characteristics of Nonreplicating Vectors
5.2.3.1 Immunogenicity
5.2.3.2 Safety
5.2.3.3 Stability
5.2.3.4 Targeted Delivery
5.3 Engineering Nonreplicating Viral Vectors for Vaccine Design
5.3.1 Capsid Modification
5.3.2 Promoter Engineering
5.3.3 Transgene Optimization
5.3.4 Immune Evasion Strategies
5.4 Applications of Nonreplicating Viral Vectors in Vaccinology
5.5 Optimizing Nonreplicating Viral Vectors for Vaccine Delivery
5.5.1 Enhancing Transduction Efficiency
5.5.2 Reducing Immunogenicity and Toxicity
5.5.3 Improving Antigen Expression and Presentation
5.5.4 Addressing Preexisting Immunity
5.5.5 Targeting Vector Delivery to Secondary Lymphoid Organs
5.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives
5.7 Conclusion
References
6. Genetically Modified Viral Vectors for Vaccine Delivery
Deepshi Arora, Yugam Taneja, Diksha Gulati, Manish Kumar, Anil Pareek and Rupesh K. Gautam
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Genetic Modification of Viral Vectors
6.3 Applications of Genetically Modified Viral Vectors
6.4 Administration of Vaccines
6.5 Immune Response and Protection
6.6 Case Studies
6.7 Challenges and Future Directions
6.8 Conclusion
References
7. DNA- and RNA-Based Viral Vectors
Devesh U. Kapoor, Bhumi Bhatt, Dipansu Sahu, Rajiv R. Kakkar, Sonam M. Gandhi and Rupesh K. Gautam
7.1 Introduction to Viral Vectors
7.1.1 Definition and Overview
7.1.2 Importance in Vaccine Delivery and Vaccination
7.2 Basics of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Viruses
7.2.1 Structure and Replication of DNA Viruses
7.2.2 Structure and Replication of RNA Viruses
7.2.3 Characteristics Relevant to Vector Development
7.2.3.1 Plasmids
7.2.3.2 Viral Vectors
7.2.3.3 Artificial Chromosomes
7.3 DNA-Based Viral Vectors
7.3.1 Adenoviral Vectors
7.3.1.1 Advantages and Limitations of Adenoviral Vectors
7.3.1.2 Adenoviral Vectors Applications in Vaccination
7.3.2 Lentiviral Vectors
7.3.2.1 Advantages and Limitations of Lentiviral Vectors
7.3.2.2 Lentiviral Vectors Applications in Vaccination
7.3.3 Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors
7.3.3.1 Advantages and Limitations of AAV
7.3.3.2 AAV Applications in Gene Therapy and Vaccination
7.3.4 Other DNA-Based Viral Vectors
7.3.4.1 Baculoviral Vectors
7.3.4.2 Herpes Simplex Virus Vectors
7.3.4.3 Poxviral Vectors
7.4 RNA-Based Viral Vectors
7.4.1 Retroviral Vectors
7.4.1.1 Advantages and Limitations
7.4.2 Lentiviral Vectors
7.4.2.1 Advantages and Limitations
7.4.3 Alphaviral Vectors
7.4.3.1 Advantages and Limitations
7.4.4 Other RNA-Based Viral Vectors
7.4.4.1 Sendai Virus Vectors
7.4.4.2 Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vectors
7.5 Vector Engineering and Modifications
7.5.1 Enhancing Vector Safety
7.5.2 Improving Vector Targeting and Tropism
7.5.3 Regulatory Considerations and Quality Control
7.6 Preclinical and Clinical Applications
7.6.1 Gene Therapy Applications
7.6.1.1 Inherited Disorders
7.6.1.2 Neurological Disorders
7.6.2 Vaccination Applications
7.6.2.1 Viral Vector–Based Vaccines
7.6.2.2 Genetic Vaccines
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Manufacturing and Control of Viral-Vector Vaccines: Challenges
Vivek P. Chavda, Dixa A. Vaghela, Dhunusmita Barman, Arzoo Newar and Ahmed Nasima
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fundamentals of Viral-Vectored Vaccine Manufacturing
8.2.1 Viral Vector Construction
8.2.2 Development of the Viral Vector in Bacteria Through Homologous Recombination
8.2.2.1 Production of the Viral Vector Using Cre/loxP Recombination System
8.2.3 Cell Line Development
8.2.3.1 Designer Cell Lines and Cell Line Immortalization
8.2.3.2 Development of Stable Cell Lines for Vaccine Constitutive Expression
8.2.4 Upstream Processing
8.2.4.1 Cultivation Process and Harvest Timing of the Virus
8.2.5 Downstream Processing
8.2.5.1 Purification of Viral Vectors
8.2.5.2 Purification of a Large Stock of Viral Vector
8.2.5.3 Purification of Viral Vectors Using CsCl Density Gradient Centrifugation
8.2.5.4 Stable Liquid Virus Formulation Development
8.3 Challenges in Manufacturing Viral-Vectored Vaccines
8.3.1 Scale-Up and Production Yield Challenges
8.3.2 Ensuring Genetic Stability and Vector Integrity
8.3.3 Manufacturing Consideration for Different Vector Types
8.4 Quality Control and Assurance in Vaccine Manufacturing
8.4.1 Regulatory Requirements and Quality Standards
8.4.2 Analytical Methods for Assessing Viral Vector Purity and Potency
8.4.3 Process Validation and Quality Assurance Strategies
8.4.3.1 Process Validation Using a Life Cycle Approach: From R&D to Clinical Trials
to Commercial Scale Regulation
8.4.3.2 Validation Strategy Based on Risk: Quality Risk Management System
8.5 Technological Advances and Innovations in Manufacturing
8.5.1 Novel Manufacturing Platforms and Technologies
8.5.2 Automation and Process Optimization
8.6 Supply Chain and Distribution Challenges
8.7 Regulatory Hurdles and Compliances
8.7.1 Regulatory Approval Challenges
8.7.2 Compliances with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)
8.7.3 Strategies for Navigating Regulatory Pathways
8.8 Future Perspectives and Emerging Solutions
8.9 Conclusion
References
9. Viral Vectors in Veterinary Vaccine Development
Anup Kumar, Pooja Pandita, Harsh Modi, Shahnaz Alom and Vivek P. Chavda
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Basics of Viral Vectors
9.2.1 Definition and Characteristics of Viral Vectors
9.2.2 Types of Viral Vectors Used in Veterinary Vaccines
9.2.3 Advantages and Limitations of Viral Vectors
9.3 Genetic Engineering of Viral Vectors
9.3.1 Design and Construction of Viral Vectors
9.3.1.1 Gene Insertion Techniques
9.3.1.2 Promoters and Enhancers
9.3.2 Safety Measures and Biosafety Considerations
9.3.3 Quality Control and Characterization
9.4 Delivery System for Viral Vector Vaccines
9.4.1 Application of Nanotechnology in Vaccine Delivery
9.4.2 Targeted Delivery Approaches: Viral Vectors as Nanocarriers for Targeted Mucosal and Systemic Vaccine Delivery System
9.4.3 Novel Delivery Platforms and Technologies
9.4.3.1 Transdermal Vaccine Delivery System
9.4.3.2 Microneedle Arrays Delivery System for Viral Vector Vaccine
9.4.3.3 Viral Vector for DNA Vaccine Delivery
9.4.3.4 Needle-Free Vaccination for Viral Vector Vaccine Delivery
9.4.3.5 Combination Vaccine Regimen for Viral Vector Vaccine Delivery
9.5 Routes of Administration for Viral Vector Vaccines
9.5.1 Parenteral Route of Administration
9.5.1.1 Intravenous Route
9.5.1.2 Intramuscular Route
9.5.1.3 Subcutaneous Route
9.5.1.4 Intradermal Route
9.5.2 Mucosal Route of Administration
9.5.2.1 Intranasal Route
9.5.2.2 Oral Route
9.6 Comparative Analysis of Different Administration Routes
9.6.1 Parenteral Vaccine Delivery System
9.6.2 Mucosal Vaccine Delivery System
9.6.3 Challenges of the Mucosal Delivery System
9.6.3.1 Advantages of the Oral Route
9.6.3.2 Challenges of Oral Route
9.6.3.3 Advantages of Intranasal Route
9.6.3.4 Challenges of Intranasal Route
9.7 Applications of Viral Vectors in Veterinary Vaccine Development
9.7.1 Live Attenuated Viral Vector Vaccines
9.7.2 Inactivated Viral Vector Vaccines
9.7.3 DNA-Based Viral Vector Vaccines
9.7.4 Subunit Viral Vector Vaccines
9.7.5 Recombinant Viral Vector Vaccines
9.7.6 Examples of Veterinary Vaccines Using Viral Vectors
9.8 Immunology and Immune Response
9.8.1 Mechanisms of Immune Response to Viral Vector Vaccines
9.8.2 Adjuvants and Immune Enhancement
9.8.3 Immune Memory and Longevity
9.9 Safety and Regulatory Considerations
9.9.1 Safety Assessment and Preclinical Studies
9.9.2 Regulatory Approval Process for Veterinary Viral Vector Vaccines
9.9.3 Post-Market Surveillance and Monitoring
9.10 Notable Examples of Viral Vector Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine and Their Impact on Animal Health and Agriculture
9.11 Challenges and Future Directions
9.12 Conclusion
References
10. Advantages and Challenges of Viral Vector Vaccines
Shilpa Dawre, Mahendra Prajapati and Ganesh Shevalkar
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Types of Viral Vectors for Vaccine Development
10.2.1 Poxviruses Vectors
10.2.2 Adenovirus Vectors
10.2.3 Retrovirus Vectors
10.2.4 Lentivirus Vectors
10.2.5 Cytomegalovirus Vectors
10.2.6 Sendai Virus Vectors
10.2.7 Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors
10.3 Mechanism of Action of Viral Vectors
10.3.1 Self-Adjuvanting Nature of Viral Vector Vaccines
10.3.2 Enhanced Cytotoxic CD8+ T Lymphocyte Production
10.3.3 Conformational Antigen Expression on Host Cell Membranes Infected by a Vector
10.3.4 Sustained Supply of Significant Amounts of Antigen
10.4 Advantages of Viral Vector Vaccines
10.4.1 Safety
10.4.2 Stability
10.4.3 Immunogenicity
10.4.3.1 Humoral Immunity
10.4.3.2 Cell-Mediated Immunity
10.4.3.3 Mucosal Immunity
10.5 Challenges of Viral Vector Vaccine
10.5.1 Development of Immunity Against Viral Vectors
10.5.2 Adverse Events
10.5.3 Scale-Up Hurdles in Viral Vector Production
10.5.3.1 Complexity and Variability of the Process
10.5.3.2 Low Yield and High Cost
10.5.3.3 Regulatory and Quality Control Challenges
10.5.3.4 Restrictions of Frequent Culture Systems
10.5.3.5 Formulation and Storage of Viral Vector Products
10.5.3.6 Requirement of High-Cost Technologies
10.5.3.7 Handling and Shipment
10.6 Conclusion
References
11. Commercially Available Viral Vectors and Vaccines
Vasso Apostolopoulos, Pankti C. Balar, Arun Kumar Singh and Vivek Chavda
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Viral Vector–Based Vaccines, Licensed for Humans
11.2.1 Adenovirus Vector Vaccines
11.2.2 Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vector Vaccines
11.2.3 Flavivirus Vector Vaccines
11.2.4 Combination Virus Vectors: Ad5/Ad26
11.2.5 Combination Virus Vectors: Ad5/VSV
11.2.6 Measles Virus Vector Vaccines
11.2.7 Poxvirus Vector Vaccines
11.3 Conclusion
References
12. Emerging Viral-Vector Technologies: Future Potential
Vasso Apostolopoulos, Pankti C. Balar and Vivek Chavda
12.1 Introduction
12.2 New Emerging Viral Vectors for Vaccines
12.3 Viral Vector Vaccines: What is Good and What is Not So Good
12.4 Conclusion
References
Index

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